In general the zero sequence voltage is higher than the negative sequence voltage at the
fault, but decreases more rapidly the further away from the fault it is measured. This makes
the -V
0
polarization preferable in short line applications, where no mutual coupling
problems exist.
Negative sequence polarization has the following advantages compared to zero sequence
polarization:
• on solidly grounded systems V2 may be larger than V
0
. If the bus behind the IED
location is a strong zero-sequence source, the negative sequence voltage available at
the IED location is higher than the zero-sequence voltage.
• negative sequence polarization is not affected by zero sequence mutual coupling
(zero sequence polarized directional elements may misoperate in parallel lines with
high zero-sequence mutual coupling and isolated zero sequence sources).
• negative sequence polarization is less affected by the effects of VT neutral shift
(possible caused by ungrounded or multiple grounds on the supplying VT neutral)
• no open-delta winding is needed in VTs as only 2 VTs are required (V
2
= (V
L12
- a ·
V
L23
)/3)
The zero sequence current polarized ground directional unit compares zero sequence
current I0 of the line with some reference zero-sequence current, for example the current
in the neutral of a power transformer. The relay characteristic AngleRCA is fixed and
equals 0 degrees. Care must be taken to ensure that neutral current direction remains
unchanged during all network configurations and faults, and therefore all transformer
configurations/constructions are not suitable for polarization.
In dual polarization, zero sequence voltage polarization and zero sequence current
polarization elements function in a “one-out-of-two mode”. Typically when the zero
sequence current is high, then the zero sequence voltage is low and vice versa. Thus
combining a zero sequence voltage polarized and a zero sequence current polarized
(neutral current polarized) directional element into one element, the IED can benefit from
both elements as the two polarization measurements function in a “one-out-of-two mode”
complementing each other. In this mode, if IPOL is greater than IPOL> setting, then only
IPOL based direction is detected and UPOL based direction will be blocked. Flexibility is
also increased as zero sequence voltage polarization can be used, if the zero sequence
current polarizing source is switched out of service. When the zero sequence polarizing
current exceeds the set value for IPOL>, zero sequence current polarizing is used. For
values of zero sequence polarizing current less than the set value for startPolCurrLevel,
zero sequence voltage polarizing is used.
Zero-sequence voltage polarization with zero-sequence current compensation (-
V0Comp) compares the phase angles of zero sequence current I
0
with zero-sequence
voltage added by a phase-shifted portion of zero-sequence current (see equation
223) at
the location of the protection. The factor k = setting K
mag
. This type of polarization is
Section 8 1MRK 506 369-UUS -
Impedance protection
302 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 ANSI
Application manual
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