Table of Contents 
Table of Contents 
i 
General Safety Precautions .............................................................................................................. vii 
Chapter One, Introduction 
1.1 How to Use This Manual.................................................................................................................................. 1-1 
1.2 What is a Lock-in Amplifier? ......................................................................................................................... 1-10 
1.3 Key Specifications and Benefits .................................................................................................................... 1-16 
 
Chapter Two, Installation and Initial Checks 
2.1 Installation ........................................................................................................................................................ 2-1 
2.1.01 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2-2 
2.1.02 Rack Mounting ........................................................................................................................................ 2-3 
2.1.03 Inspection ................................................................................................................................................ 2-4 
2.1.04 Line Cord Plug ........................................................................................................................................ 2-5 
2.1.05 Line Voltage Selection ............................................................................................................................ 2-6 
2.2 Initial Checks .................................................................................................................................................... 2-7 
2.2.01 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2-7 
2.2.02 Procedure ............................................................................................................................................... 2-11 
Chapter Three, Technical Description 
3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 3-1 
3.2 Operating Modes .............................................................................................................................................. 3-3 
3.2.01 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3-3 
3.2.02 Single Reference / Dual Reference ......................................................................................................... 3-4 
3.2.03 Tandem Demodulation ............................................................................................................................ 3-7 
3.2.04 Single Harmonic / Dual Harmonic .......................................................................................................... 3-9 
3.2.05 Internal / External Reference Mode ...................................................................................................... 3-11 
3.2.06 Virtual Reference Mode ........................................................................................................................ 3-12 
3.3 Principles of Operation ................................................................................................................................... 3-16 
3.3.01 Block Diagram ....................................................................................................................................... 3-16 
3.3.02 Signal Channel Inputs............................................................................................................................ 3-20 
3.3.03 Line Frequency Rejection Filter ............................................................................................................ 3-29 
3.3.04 AC Gain and Dynamic Reserve............................................................................................................. 3-30 
3.3.05 Anti-Aliasing Filter ............................................................................................................................... 3-42 
3.3.06 Main Analog-to-Digital Converter ........................................................................................................ 3-50 
3.3.07 Reference Channel Inputs ..................................................................................................................... 3-53 
3.3.08 Reference Channel ................................................................................................................................ 3-55 
3.3.09 Phase-Shifter ......................................................................................................................................... 3-62 
3.3.10 Internal Oscillator - General .................................................................................................................. 3-69 
3.3.11 Internal Oscillator - Update Rate ........................................................................................................... 3-70 
3.3.12 Internal Oscillator - Frequency & Amplitude Sweeps .......................................................................... 3-71 
3.3.13 Internal Oscillator - Voltage Control..................................................................................................... 3-77 
3.3.14 Demodulators - Dual Phase Multipliers ................................................................................................ 3-78 
3.3.15 Demodulators - Output Filters ............................................................................................................... 3-80