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Table of Contents
1. Introduction .......................................................................... 45
1.1. Main features ................................................................... 46
1.2. Principles of numerical protection techniques .......... 47
2. Protection functions ............................................................. 49
2.1. Maximum number of protection stages in one
application ................................................................................ 49
2.2. List of protection functions ............................................. 49
2.3. General features of protection stages ........................ 50
2.4. Distance protection Z< ................................................... 54
2.4.1. Short circuit distance protection Z< (21) ............. 54
2.4.2. Earth-fault distance protection Ze< (21N) .......... 57
2.4.3. Distance protection applications ........................ 66
2.5. Line differential protection LdI> (87) ............................ 71
2.6. Overcurrent stage I> (50/51) ......................................... 73
2.7. Directional overcurrent protection I
dir
> (67) ............... 77
2.8. Current unbalance stage I
2
> (46) ................................. 83
2.9. Undercurrent protection I< (37) .................................... 84
2.10. Directional earth fault protection I
0φ
> (67N) ............... 85
2.11. Earth fault protection I
0
> (50N/51N) ............................. 91
2.12. Zero sequence voltage protection U
0
> (59N) ............ 96
2.13. Thermal overload protection T> (49) ........................... 99
2.14. Overvoltage protection U> (59) ................................. 103
2.15. Undervoltage protection U< (27) ............................... 105
2.16. Reverse power and underpower protection P< (32)
108
2.17. Overfrequency and underfrequency Protection f>, f<
(81H/81L).................................................................................. 110
2.18. Rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) protection
df/dt (81R) ............................................................................... 112
2.19. Synchrocheck (25) ........................................................ 117
2.20. Second harmonic O/C stage I
f2
>(51F2) .................... 121
2.21. Circuit breaker failure protection CBFP (50BF) ......... 122
2.22. Programmable stages (99) .......................................... 124
2.23. Arc fault protection (50ARC/50NARC)- optional ..... 127
2.24. Inverse time operation ................................................. 131
2.24.1. Standard inverse delays IEC, IEEE, IEEE2, RI ...... 133
2.24.2. Free parametrisation using IEC, IEEE and IEEE2
equations ........................................................................... 143
2.24.3. Programmable inverse time curves ................... 144
3. Supporting functions .......................................................... 145
3.1. Event log ......................................................................... 145
3.2. Disturbance recorder ................................................... 147
3.3. Cold load pick-up and inrush current detection ..... 152
3.4. Voltage sags and swells ............................................... 154
3.5. Voltage interruptions .................................................... 156
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