Notes on Controller Settings
IP244
C79000–B8576–C860–02
4–136
Influence of the proportional band on the control action
X
P
Band Control action
Breadth of
fluctuation
Switching
frequency
Larger More stable, slower Smaller Greater
Smaller Less stable to unstable Larger Lower
Feedback and controlled systems
Controlled
variable
Type of controlled system T
u
or T
t
1)
T
g
or T
s
2)
V
max.
= D
D
Tempe-
rature
Small electrically heated oven
Larger electrically heated
annealing furnace
Large gas heated annealing
furnace
Distillation tower
Autoclave (2.5m
3
)
HighĆpressure autoclave
(1000 °C, 40 bar)
Super heater
Room heating
0.5 to 1 min
1 to 5 min
0.2 to 5 min
1 to 7 min
0.5 to 0.7 min
12 to 15 min
30 s to 2.5 min
1 to 5 min
5 to 15 min
10 to 60 min
3 to 60 min
40 to 60 min
10 to 20 min
200 to 230 min
1 to 4 min
10 to 60 min
1 °C/s
0.3 °C/s
0.1 to 0.5 °C/s
2 °C/s
1 °C/min
Flow Pipeline (gas)
(liquid)
0 to 5s
0
0.2 to 10s
0
-
Pressure Gas pipeline
Boiler gas
or
oil heating
Boiler with beater mills
0
0
1 to 2 min
0.1s
150s
2 to 5 min
-
-
-
Container
level
Boiler 0.6 to 1 min - 0.1 to 0.3 cm/s
rpm Small electric drive
Large electric drive
Steam turbine
0
0
0
0.2 to 10s
5 to 40s
-
-
-
50 min
-1
Electrical
voltage
Small generators
Large generators
0
0
1 to 5s
5 to 10s
-
-
1) T
t
= Dead time 2) System constant
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