General
1-18
TW = TA×L
L+A
TW is the torque setting or dial reading
on the wrench. TA is the torque
specification and the actual amount of
torque that is applied to the fastener. A
is the amount that the adapter increases
(or in some cases reduces) the effective
lever length as measured along the
centerline of the torque wrench. L is the
lever length of the wrench as measured
from the center of the drive to the center
of the grip. The effective length is the
sum of L and A.
Example:
TA=20 ft.-lb.
A=3in.
L=14in.
TW=20×14=280=16.5 ft. - lb.
14+3 = 17
In this example, the torque wrench
would be set to the recalculated torque
value (TW = 16.5 ft. –lb). When using a
beam-type wrench, tighten the fastener
until the pointer aligns with 16.5 ft. –lb. In
this example, although the torque
wrench is pre set to 16.5 ft. –lb., the
actual torque is 20 ft. –lb.
Pliers
Pliers come in a wide range of types and
sizes. Pliers are useful for holding,
cutting, bending, and crimping. Do not
use them to turn fasteners. Figure 15
shows several types of useful pliers.
Each design has a specialized function.
Slip-joint pliers are general – purpose
pliers used for gripping and bending.
Diagonal cutting pliers are needed to cut wire
and can be used to remove cotter pins. Use
needle nose pliers to hold or bend small
objects.
Locking pliers (Figure 16), sometimes called
Vise-Grips, are used to hold objects very
tightly. They have many uses ranging from
holding two parts together, to gripping the end
of a broken stud. Use caution when using
locking pliers, as the sharp jaws will damage
the objects they hold.
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