196 Chapter 8: References
References
Stroke Volume (SV) 2D and M Mode in ml
Oh, J.K., J.B. Seward, A.J. Tajik. The Echo Manual. 2nd ed., Boston: Little, Brown and Company,
(1994), 44.
SV = (LVEDV – LVESV)
where: SV = Stroke Volume
LVEDV = End Diastolic Volume
LVEDSV = End Systolic Volume
Velocity Time Integral (VTI) in cm
Reynolds, Terry. The Echocardiographer’s Pocket Reference. 2nd ed., School of Cardiac Ultrasound,
Arizona Heart Institute, (2000), 383.
VTI = sum of abs (velocities [n])
where: Auto Trace – distance (cm) blood travels with each ejection period. Velocities are
absolute values.
Obstetrical References
Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI)
Jeng, C. J., et al. “Amniotic Fluid Index Measurement with the Four Quadrant Technique During
Pregnancy.” The Journal of Reproductive Medicine
, 35:7 (July 1990), 674-677.
Average Ultrasound Age (AUA)
The system provides an AUA derived from the component measurements from the measurement
tables.
Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD) by Average Ultrasound Age (AUA)
Results are displayed as month/day/year.
EDD = system date + (280 days – AUA in days)
Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD) by Last Menstrual Period (LMP)
The date entered into the patient information for LMP must precede the current date.
Results are displayed as month/day/year.
EDD = LMP date + 280 days
Estimated Fetal Weight (EFW)
Hadlock, F., et al. “Estimation of Fetal Weight with the Use of Head, Body, and Femur
Measurements, A Prospective Study.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
, 151:3
(February 1, 1985), 333-337.
Hansmann, M., et al. Ultrasound Diagnosis in Obstetrics and Gynecology
. New York:
Springer-Verlag, (1986), 154.
Osaka University. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
. (July 20, 1990), 103-105.
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