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Chapter 8: References 193
References
Delta Pressure: Delta Time (dP:dT) in mmHg/s
Otto, C.M. Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography. 2nd ed., W.B. Saunders Company, (2000), 117,
118.
32 mmHg/time interval in seconds
E:A ratio in cm/sec
E:A = velocity E/velocity A
Ejection Fraction (EF), percent
Oh, J.K., J.B. Seward, A.J. Tajik. The Echo Manual. 2nd ed., Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, (1999),
40.
EF = ((LVEDV – LVESV)/LVEDV) * 100%
where: EF = Ejection Fraction
LVEDV = Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume
LVESV = Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume
Elapsed Time (ET) in msec
ET = time between velocity cursors in milliseconds
Heart Rate (HR) in bpm
HR = 3 digit value input by user or measured on M Mode and Doppler image in one heart cycle
Interventricular Septum (IVS) Fractional Thickening, percent
Laurenceau, J. L., M.C. Malergue. The Essentials of Echocardiography. Le Hague: Martinus Nijhoff,
(1981), 71.
IVSFT = ((IVSS – IVSD)/IVSD) * 100%
where: IVSS = Interventricular Septal Thickness at Systole
IVSD = Interventricular Septal Thickness at Diastole
Left Ventricular End Volumes (Teichholz) in ml
Teichholz, L.E., T. Kreulen, M.V. Herman, et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic volume
determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence of
asynergy.” American Journal of Cardiology
, (1976), 37:7.
LVESV = (7.0 * LVDS
3
)/(2.4 + LVDS)
where: LVESV = Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume
LVDS = Left Ventricular Dimension at Systole
LVEDV = (7.0 * LVDD
3
)/(2.4 + LVDD)
where: LVEDV = Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume
LVDD = Left Ventricular Dimension at Diastole