Introduction
GR-3 Operator’s Manual
1-2
Principles of Operation
Surveying with the right GPS receiver can provide users accurate and
precise positioning, a requirement for any surveying project.
This section gives an overview of existing and proposed Global
Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and receiver functions so that
basic operating principles can be applied.
GNSS Overview
Currently, the following three global navigation satellite systems
(GNSS) offer line-of-site radio navigation and positioning, velocity,
and time services on a global, all-weather scale to any user equipped
with a GNSS tracking receiver on or near the Earth’s surface:
• GPS – the Global Positioning System maintained and operated by
the United States Department of Defense. For information on the
status of this system, visit the US Naval Observatory website
(http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/) or the US Coast Guard website
(http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/).
• GLONASS – the Global Navigation Satellite System maintained
and operated by the Russian Federation Ministry of Defense. For
information on the status of this system, visit the Coordinational
Scientific Information Center website (http://www.glonass-
ianc.rsa.ru/).
• GALILEO – an upcoming global positioning system maintained
and operated by European Satellite Navigation Industries, a joint
venture of several European space agencies/companies working
closely with the European Space Agency. Unlike GPS and
GLONASS, this is a civil endeavor and is currently in the
development and validation stage. For information on the status
of this system, visit the European Satellite Navigation Industries
website (http://www.european-satellite-navigation-
industries.net).
Despite numerous technical differences in the implementation of
these systems, satellite positioning systems have three essential
components:
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