GE MiCOM P40

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1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW

This chapter introduces the principles and theory behind the protection and describes how it is implemented in this

product. Guidance for applying this protection is also provided.

This chapter contains the following sections:

Chapter Overview 107

Introduction 108

Distance Measuring Zones Operating Principles 110

Phase and Earth Fault Distance Protection Implementation 139

Delta Directional Element 147

Application Notes 150

P446SV Chapter 7 - Distance Protection

P446SV-TM-EN-1 107

Main Page

Default Chapter3
- Table of Contents3
Chapter 1 Introduction33
- Figure 197: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part33
- Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part34
- Aided Scheme34
- Rear Serial Port34
- Figure 198: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part34
- Figure 250: TCS Scheme34
Chapter Overview35
- Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part35
- Cip35
- Figure 199: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part35
Foreword36
- Target Audience36
- Typographical Conventions36
- Cip36
- Nomenclature37
- Compliance37
- Cip37
Product Scope38
- Product Versions38
- Cip38
- Ordering Options39
- Figure 1: P40L Family - Version Evolution39
- Figure 145: Autoreclose System Map - Part39
Features and Functions40
- Distance Protection Functions40
- Protection Functions40
- Figure 146: Autoreclose System Map - Part40
- Control Functions41
- Measurement Functions41
- Communication Functions41
- Figure 147: Autoreclose System Map - Part41
Logic Diagrams43
- Figure 2: Key to Logic Diagrams44
Functional Overview45
- Figure 3: Functional Overview45
Chapter 2 Safety Information47
Chapter Overview49
Health and Safety50
Symbols51
Installation, Commissioning and Servicing52
- Lifting Hazards52
- Electrical Hazards52
- UL/CSA/CUL Requirements53
- Fusing Requirements53
- Equipment Connections54
- Protection Class 1 Equipment Requirements54
- Pre-Energisation Checklist55
- Peripheral Circuitry55
- Upgrading/Servicing56
Decommissioning and Disposal57
Regulatory Compliance58
- EMC Compliance: 2014/30/EU58
- LVD Compliance: 2014/35/EU58
- R&TTE Compliance: 2014/53/EU58
- UL/CUL Compliance58
- ATEX Compliance: 2014/34/EU58
Chapter 3 Hardware Design61
Chapter Overview63
Hardware Architecture64
- Figure 4: Hardware Architecture64
Mechanical Implementation65
- Housing Variants65
- Figure 5: Exploded View of IED65
- List of Boards66
Front Panel67
- 40TE Front Panel67
- Front Panel Compartments67
- Figure 6: Front Panel (40TE)67
- Keypad68
- Front Serial Port (SK1)68
- Front Parallel Port (SK2)69
- Fixed Function Leds69
- Programable Leds69
Rear Panel70
- Figure 7: Rear View of Populated Case70
Boards and Modules71
- Pcbs71
- Figure 8: Rear Connection to Terminal Block71
- Main Processor Board72
- Figure 9: Main Processor Board72
- Power Supply Board73
- Figure 10: Power Supply Board73
- Figure 11: Power Supply Assembly74
- Watchdog75
- Figure 12: Power Supply Terminals75
- Rear Serial Port76
- Figure 13: Watchdog Contact Terminals76
- Figure 14: Rear Serial Port Terminals77
- Figure 15: IEC 61850-9-2LE Board77
- IEC61850-9-2LE Ethernet Board77
- Standard Output Relay Board78
- Figure 16: Standard Output Relay Board - 8 Contacts78
- IRIG-B Board79
- Figure 17: IRIG-B Board79
- Fibre Optic Board80
- Figure 18: Fibre Optic Board80
- Rear Communication Board81
- Ethernet Board81
- Figure 19: Rear Communication Board81
- Figure 20: Ethernet Board81
- Redundant Ethernet Board83
- Figure 21: Redundant Ethernet Board83
- Coprocessor Board85
- Coprocessor Board with 1PPS Input85
- Figure 22: Fully Populated Coprocessor Board85
- High Break Output Relay Board86
- Figure 23: High Break Relay Output Board86
- Figure 24: High Break Contact Operation87
Chapter 4 Software Design89
Chapter Overview91
Sofware Design Overview92
- Figure 25: Software Architecture92
System Level Software93
- Real Time Operating System93
- System Services Software93
- Self-Diagnostic Software93
- Startup Self-Testing93
- System Boot93
- System Level Software Initialisation94
- Platform Software Initialisation and Monitoring94
- Continuous Self-Testing94
Platform Software96
- Record Logging96
- Settings Database96
- Interfaces96
Protection and Control Functions97
- Acquisition of Samples97
- Frequency Tracking97
- Direct Use of Sample Values97
- Distance Protection97
- Fourier Signal Processing98
- Figure 26: Frequency Response of FIR Filters98
- Programmable Scheme Logic99
- Event Recording99
- Figure 27: Frequency Response (Indicative Only)99
- Disturbance Recorder100
- Fault Locator100
- Function Key Interface100
Chapter 5 Configuration101
Chapter Overview103
Settings Application Software104
Using the HMI Panel105
- Navigating the HMI Panel106
- Getting Started106
- Figure 28: Navigating the HMI106
- Default Display107
- Default Display Navigation108
- Figure 29: Default Display Navigation108
- Password Entry109
- Processing Alarms and Records110
- Menu Structure110
- Changing the Settings111
- Direct Access (the Hotkey Menu)112
- Setting Group Selection Using Hotkeys112
- Control Inputs113
- Circuit Breaker Control113
- Function Keys114
Line Parameters116
- Tripping Mode116
- CB Trip Conversion Logic Diagram117
- Residual Compensation117
- Figure 30: Circuit Breaker Trip Conversion Logic Diagram (Module 63)117
- Mutual Compensation118
Date and Time Configuration120
- Using an SNTP Signal120
- Using an IRIG-B Signal120
- Using an IEEE 1588 PTP Signal120
- Without a Timing Source Signal121
- Time Zone Compensation121
- Daylight Saving Time Compensation122
Settings Group Selection123
Chapter 6 Sampled Value Operation125
Chapter Overview127
Introduction to Sampled Values128
- Figure 31: Comparison of Conventional IED and Sampled Values IED128
Data Resampling129
- Figure 32: Data Sampling Using an IEC 61850-9-2LE Interface129
Sampled Value Alignment130
- Channel Mappings for SAV Test, SAV Questionable, SAV Invalid130
- Data Quality130
- Impact of Data Quality on Protection Functions131
- Process Bus Performance131
- Sample Loss Data132
- VT Switching132
- Virtual Inputs and Outputs133
- P446, P546, P841B Virtual Inputs and Outputs Ddbs133
- Virtual CT and VT Ratio Settings133
- IED Alarms134
- P446, P546, P841B Alarms134
- Distance Protection137
Chapter 7 Distance Protection137
Chapter Overview139
Introduction140
- Distance Protection Principle140
- Performance Influencing Factors140
- Figure 33: System Impedance Ratio140
- Impedance Calculation141
- Implementation with Comparators141
- Polarization of Distance Characteristics141
Distance Measuring Zones Operating Principles142
- Mho Characteristics143
- Directional Mho Characteristic for Phase Faults143
- Offset Mho Characteristic for Phase Faults143
- Figure 34: Directional Mho Element Construction143
- Directional Self-Polarized Mho Characteristic for Earth Faults144
- Figure 35: Offset Mho Characteristic144
- Figure 36: Directional Mho Element Construction - Impedance Domain145
- Offset Mho Characteristic for Earth Faults146
- Figure 37: Offset Mho Characteristics - Impedance Domain146
- Figure 38: Offset Mho Characteristics - Voltage Domain147
- Memory Polarization of Mho Characteristics148
- Dynamic Mho Expansion and Contraction148
- Figure 39: Simplified Forward Fault148
- Figure 40: Mho Expansion - Forward Fault149
- Figure 41: Simplified Reverse Fault150
- Cross Polarization of Mho Characteristics151
- Figure 42: Mho Contraction - Reverse Fault151
- Implementation of Mho Polarization152
- Quadrilateral Characteristic153
- Figure 43: Simplified Quadrilateral Characteristics153
- Directional Quadrilaterals154
- Figure 44: General Quadrilateral Characteristic Limits154
- Figure 45: Directional Quadrilateral Characteristic155
- Figure 46: Quadrilateral Characteristic Featuring 2 Directional Forward Zones and 1 Offset Zone155
- Figure 47: Five-Sided Polygon Formed by Quadrilateral Characteristic with Directional-Line156
- Quadrilateral Characteristic for Phase Faults158
- Figure 48: Impedance Reach Line Construction158
- Figure 49: Reverse Impedance Reach Line Construction159
- Figure 50: Resistive Reach of Phase Elements160
- Figure 51: Resistive Reach Line Construction160
- Figure 52: Reverse Resistive Reach Line Construction161
- Figure 53: Phase Fault Quadrilateral Characteristic Summary161
- Earth Fault Quadrilateral Characteristics162
- Figure 54: Impedance Reach Line in Z1 Plane164
- Figure 55: Impedance Reach Line in ZLP Plane165
- Figure 56: General Characteristic in ZLP Plane166
- Figure 57: Phase Relations between I2 and Iph for Leading and Lagging Polarizing Currents167
- Figure 58: General Characteristic in Z1 Plane168
- Figure 59: Simplified Characteristic in Z1 Plane169
Phase and Earth Fault Distance Protection Implementation171
- Phase Fault Characteristics171
- Earth Fault Characteristics171
- Distance Protection Tripping Decision171
- Distance Protection Phase Selection172
- Faulted Phase Selection172
- Biased Neutral Current Detector173
- Figure 60: Phase to Phase Current Changes for C Phase-To-Ground (CN) Fault173
- Distance Element Zone Settings174
- Directionalizing the Distance Elements174
- Figure 61: Biased Neutral Current Detector Characteristic174
- Advanced Distance Zone Settings175
- Distance Zone Sensitivities175
- Capacitor VT Applications176
- Cvts with Passive Suppression of Ferroresonance176
- Cvts with Active Suppression of Ferroresonance176
- Load Blinding177
- Figure 62: Load Blinder Characteristics177
- Cross Country Fault Protection178
Delta Directional Element179
- Delta Directional Principle and Setup179
- Delta Directional Decision180
- Figure 63: Sequence Networks Connection for an Internal A-N Fault180
- Figure 64: - DV Forward and Reverse Tripping Regions181
Application Notes182
- Setting Mode Choice182
- Operating Characteristic Selection182
- Phase Characteristic182
- Figure 65: Settings Required to Apply a Quadrilateral Zone182
- Earth Fault Characteristic183
- Zone Reach Setting Guidelines183
- Figure 66: Settings Required to Apply a Mho Zone183
- Quadrilateral Resistive Reaches184
- Earth Fault Resistive Reaches and Tilting184
- Dynamic Tilting185
- Figure 67: Over-Tilting Effect185
- Fixed Tilting186
- Phase Fault Zone Settings186
- Directional Element for Distance Protection187
- Filtering Setup187
- Distance Digital Filter187
- Setting up Cvts187
- Load Blinding Setup188
- Polarizing Setup188
- Delta Directional Element Setting Guidelines189
- Delta Thresholds189
- Distance Protection Worked Example189
- Line Impedance Calculation190
- Figure 68: Example Power System190
- Residual Compensation for Earth Fault Elements191
- Zone 1 Phase and Ground Reach Settings191
- Zone 2 Phase and Ground Reach Settings191
- Zone 3 Phase and Ground Reach Settings192
- Zone 3 Reverse Reach Settings192
- Zone 4 Reverse Reach Settings192
- Load Avoidance193
- Quadrilateral Resistive Reach Settings193
- Teed Feeder Applications194
- Figure 69: Apparent Impedances Seen by Distance Protection on a Teed Feeder195
Chapter 8 Carrier Aided Schemes197
Chapter Overview199
Introduction200
Carrier Aided Schemes Implementation201
- Carrier Aided Scheme Types201
- Figure 70: Scheme Assignment201
- Default Carrier Aided Schemes202
Aided Distance Scheme Logic203
- Permissive Underreach Scheme203
- Permissive Over-Reach Scheme204
- Figure 71: Aided Distance PUR Scheme204
- Permissive Overreach Trip Reinforcement206
- Figure 72: Aided Distance por Scheme206
- Permissive Overreach Weak Infeed Features207
- Permissive Scheme Loss of Guard207
- Current Reversal Guard Logic208
- Figure 73: Example of Fault Current Reversal of Direction208
- Aided Distance Blocking Schemes209
- Aided Distance Unblocking Schemes210
- Figure 74: Aided Distance Blocking Scheme (BOP)210
- Aided Distance Logic Diagrams212
- Aided Distance Send Logic212
- Carrier Aided Schemes Receive Logic212
- Figure 75: Aided Distance Send Logic212
- Aided Distance Tripping Logic213
- PUR Aided Tripping Logic213
- Figure 77: Aided Distance Tripping Logic213
- Figure 78: PUR Aided Tripping Logic213
- POR Aided Tripping Logic214
- Aided Scheme Blocking 1 Tripping Logic215
- Aided Scheme Blocking 2 Tripping Logic215
- Figure 79: por Aided Tripping Logic215
Aided DEF Scheme Logic216
- Aided DEF Introduction216
- Implementation216
- Aided DEF Polarization216
- Zero Sequence Polarizing217
- Negative Sequence Polarizing218
- Figure 82: Virtual Current Polarization218
- Aided DEF Setting Guidelines219
- Figure 83: Directional Criteria for Residual Voltage Polarization219
- Aided DEF por Scheme220
- Aided DEF Blocking Scheme221
- Figure 84: Aided DEF por Scheme221
- Aided DEF Logic Diagrams222
- DEF Directional Signals222
- Figure 85: Aided DEF Blocking Scheme222
- Figure 86: DEF Directional Signals222
- Aided DEF Send Logic223
- Carrier Aided Schemes Receive Logic223
- Figure 76: Carrier Aided Schemes Receive Logic223
- Figure 87: Aided DEF Send Logic223
- Figure 88: Carrier Aided Schemes Receive Logic223
- Aided DEF Tripping Logic224
- Figure 89: Aided DEF Tripping Logic224
- POR Aided Tripping Logic225
- Aided Scheme Blocking 1 Tripping Logic226
- Aided Scheme Blocking 2 Tripping Logic226
- Figure 80: Aided Scheme Blocking 1 Tripping Logic226
- Figure 81: Aided Scheme Blocking 2 Tripping Logic226
- Figure 90: por Aided Tripping Logic226
- Figure 91: Aided Scheme Blocking 1 Tripping Logic226
- Figure 92: Aided Scheme Blocking 2 Tripping Logic226
Aided Delta Scheme Logic227
- Aided Delta por Scheme227
- Aided Delta Blocking Scheme228
- Figure 93: Aided Delta por Scheme228
- Figure 94: Aided Delta Blocking Scheme229
- Aided Delta Logic Diagrams230
- Aided Delta Send Logic230
- Carrier Aided Schemes Receive Logic230
- Figure 95: Aided Delta Send Logic230
- Figure 96: Carrier Aided Schemes Receive Logic230
- Aided Delta Tripping Logic231
- Figure 97: Aided Delta Tripping Logic231
- POR Aided Tripping Logic232
- Aided Scheme Blocking 1 Tripping Logic233
- Aided Scheme Blocking 2 Tripping Logic233
- Figure 98: por Aided Tripping Logic233
- Figure 99: Aided Scheme Blocking 1 Tripping Logic233
- Figure 100: Aided Scheme Blocking 2 Tripping Logic233
Application Notes234
- Aided Distance PUR Scheme234
- Aided Distance por Scheme234
- Aided Distance Blocking Scheme234
- Aided DEF por Scheme235
- Aided DEF Blocking Scheme235
- Aided Delta por Scheme235
- Aided Delta Blocking Scheme235
- Teed Feeder Applications236
- Figure 101: Apparent Impedances Seen by Distance Protection on a Teed Feeder236
- POR Schemes for Teed Feeders237
- PUR Schemes for Teed Feeders237
- Blocking Schemes for Teed Feeders238
- Figure 102: Problematic Fault Scenarios for PUR Scheme Application to Teed Feeders238
Chapter 9 Non-Aided Schemes241
Chapter Overview243
Non-Aided Schemes244
Basic Schemes245
- Basic Scheme Modes245
- Figure 103: any Distance Start246
- Figure 104: Standard Basic Scheme Mode Logic246
- Basic Scheme Setting247
- Figure 105: Alternative Basic Timer Start Scheme Mode Logic247
- Figure 106: Basic Time Stepped Distance Scheme248
Trip on Close Schemes249
- Figure 107: Trip on Close Logic249
- Switch on to Fault (SOTF)250
- Switch Onto Fault Mode250
- Figure 108: Trip on Close Based on CNV Level Detectors250
- SOTF Tripping251
- SOTF Tripping with CNV251
- Trip on Reclose (TOR)251
- Figure 109: SOTF Tripping251
- Figure 110: SOTF Tripping with CNV251
- Trip on Reclose Mode252
- TOR Tripping Logic for Appropriate Zones252
- TOR Tripping Logic with CNV252
- Polarisation During Circuit Engergisation252
- Figure 111: TOR Tripping Logic for Appropriate Zones252
- Figure 112: TOR Tripping Logic with CNV252
Zone1 Extension Scheme253
- Figure 113: Zone 1 Extension Scheme253
- Figure 114: Zone 1 Extension Logic253
Loss of Load Scheme254
- Figure 115: Loss of Load Accelerated Trip Scheme254
- Figure 116: Loss of Load Logic255
Chapter 10 Power Swing Functions257
Chapter Overview259
Introduction to Power Swing Blocking260
- Figure 117: Power Transfer Related to Angular Difference between Two Generation Sources260
Power Swing Blocking262
- Power Swing Detection262
- Settings-Free Power Swing Detection262
- Figure 118: Phase Selector Timing for Power Swing Condition263
- Figure 119: Phase Selector Timing for Fault Condition263
- Slow Power Swing Detection264
- Figure 120: Phase Selector Timing for Fault During a Power Swing264
- Figure 121: Slow Power Swing Detection Characteristic265
- Detection of a Fault During a Power Swing266
- Power Swing Blocking Configuration266
- Power Swing Load Blinding Boundary267
- Power Swing Blocking Logic268
- Figure 122: Load Blinder Boundary Conditions268
- Power Swing Blocking Setting Guidelines269
- Figure 123: Power Swing Blocking Logic269
- Setting the Resistive Limits270
- Setting the Reactive Limits270
- Figure 124: Setting the Resistive Reaches270
- PSB Timer Setting Guidelines271
- Figure 125: Reactive Reach Settings271
- Figure 126: PSB Timer Setting Guidelines272
Out of Step Protection273
- Out of Step Detection273
- Figure 127: out of Step Detection Characteristic273
- Out of Step Protection Operataing Principle274
- Out of Step Logic Diagram275
- OST Application Notes275
- Setting the OST Mode275
- Figure 128: out of Step Logic Diagram275
- Figure 129: OST Setting Determination for the Positive Sequence Resistive Component OST R5276
- Figure 130: OST R6Max Determination277
- Figure 131: Example of Timer Reset Due to Movs Operation280
Chapter 11 Autoreclose281
Chapter Overview283
Introduction to Autoreclose284
Autoreclose Implementation285
- Autoreclose Logic Inputs from External Sources286
- Circuit Breaker Healthy Input286
- Inhibit Autoreclose Input286
- Block Autoreclose Input286
- Reset Lockout Input287
- Pole Discrepancy Input287
- External Trip Indication287
- Autoreclose Logic Inputs287
- Trip Initiation Signals287
- Circuit Breaker Status Inputs287
- System Check Signals287
- Autoreclose Logic Outputs287
- Autoreclose Operating Sequence288
- AR Timing Sequence - Transient Fault288
- AR Timing Sequence - Evolving/Permanent Fault288
- Figure 132: Autoreclose Sequence for a Transient Fault288
- AR Timing Sequence - Evolving/Permanent Fault Single-Phase289
- AR Timing Sequence - Transient Fault Dual CB289
- Figure 133: Autoreclose Sequence for an Evolving or Permanent Fault289
- Figure 134: Autoreclose Sequence for an Evolving or Permanent Fault - Single-Phase Operation289
- AR Timing Sequence - Evolving/Permanent Fault Dual CB290
- Figure 135: Dual CB Autoreclose Sequence for a Transient Fault290
- AR Timing Sequence - Persistent Fault291
- Figure 136: Autoreclose Sequence for an Evolving/Permanent Fault on a Dual CB Application291
- Figure 137: Autoreclose Sequence for a Persistent Fault on a Multishot Dual CB Application Set291
Autoreclose System Map293
- Figure 138: Key to Logic Diagrams294
- Autoreclose System Map Diagrams295
- Figure 139: Autoreclose System Map - Part 1295
- Figure 140: Autoreclose System Map - Part297
- Figure 144: Autoreclose System Map - Part 6300
- Figure 141: Autoreclose System Map - Part301
- Figure 142: Autoreclose System Map - Part302
- Figure 143: Autoreclose System Map - Part303
- Autoreclose Internal Signals304
- Figure 148: Autoreclose System Map - Part 10304
- Autoreclose DDB Signals309
Logic Modules321
- Circuit Breaker Status Monitor321
- CB State Monitor322
- Circuit Breaker Open Logic322
- Figure 149: CB State Logic Diagram (Module 1)322
- Circuit Breaker Open Logic Diagram323
- Circuit Breaker in Service Logic323
- Figure 150: Circuit Breaker Open Logic Diagram (Module 3)323
- Circuit Breaker in Service Logic Diagram324
- Autoreclose Enable Logic324
- Autoreclose Enable Logic Diagram324
- Autoreclose Leader/Follower324
- Figure 151: CB in Service Logic Diagram (Module 4)324
- Figure 152: Autoreclose Enable Logic Diagram (Module 5)324
- Leader/Follower CB Selection Logic Diagram325
- Figure 153: Leader/Follower CB Selection Logic Diagram (Module 6)325
- Leader Follower Logic Diagram326
- Figure 154: Leader/Follower Logic Diagram (Module 7 & 8)326
- Autoreclose Modes327
- Single-Phase and Three-Phase Autoreclose327
- Autoreclose Modes Enable Logic Diagram328
- Figure 155: Autoreclose Modes Enable Logic Diagram (Module 9)328
- AR Force Three-Phase Trip Logic329
- Force Three-Phase Trip Logic Diagram329
- Figure 156: Force Three-Phase Trip Logic Diagram (Module 10)329
- Autoreclose Initiation Logic330
- Autoreclose Initiation Logic Diagram331
- Autoreclose Trip Test Logic Diagram331
- Figure 157: Autoreclose Initiation Logic Diagram (Module 11)331
- Figure 158: Autoreclose Trip Test Logic Diagram (Module 12)331
- External Trip Logic Diagram for CB1332
- Figure 159: Autoreclose Initiation by Internal Single and Three Phase Trip or External Trip for CB1332
- External Trip Logic Diagram for CB2333
- Figure 160: Autoreclose Initiation by Internal Single and Three Phase Trip or External Trip for CB2333
- Protection Reoperation and Evolving Fault Logic Diagram334
- Fault Memory Logic Diagram334
- Autoreclose in Progress334
- Figure 161: Protection Reoperation and Evolving Fault Logic Diagram (Module 20)334
- Figure 162: Fault Memory Logic Diagram (Module 15)334
- Autoreclose in Progress Logic Diagram for CB1335
- Figure 163: Autoreclose in Progress Logic Diagram for CB1 (Module 16)335
- Autoreclose in Progress Logic Diagram for CB2336
- Sequence Counter336
- Figure 164: Autoreclose in Progress Logic Diagram for CB2 (Module 17)336
- Autoreclose Sequence Counter Logic Diagram337
- Autoreclose Cycle Selection337
- Figure 165: Autoreclose Sequence Counter Logic Diagram (Module 18)337
- Single Phase Autoreclose Cycle Selection Logic Diagram338
- Figure 166: Single-Phase Autoreclose Cycle Selection Logic Diagram (Module 19)338
- 3-Phase Autoreclose Cycle Selection339
- Dead Time Control339
- Figure 167: Three-Phase Autoreclose Cycle Selection Logic Diagram (Module 21)339
- Dead Time Start Enable Logic Diagram340
- Figure 168: Dead Time Start Enable Logic Diagram (Module 22)340
- Single-Phase Leader Dead Time Logic Diagram341
- Figure 169: Single-Phase Leader Dead Time Logic Diagram (Module 24)341
- 3-Phase Leader Dead Time Logic Diagram342
- Figure 170: Three-Phase Leader CB Dead Time Logic Diagram (Module 25)342
- Follower Enable Logic Diagram343
- Figure 171: Follower Enable Logic Diagram (Module 27)343
- Single-Phase Follower Timing Logic Diagram344
- Figure 172: Single-Phase Follower CB Timing Logic Diagram (Module 28)344
- Three-Phase Follower Timing Logic Diagram345
- Circuit Breaker Autoclose345
- Figure 173: Three-Phase Follower CB Timing Logic Diagram (Module 29)345
- Circuit Breaker Autoclose Logic Diagram346
- Reclaim Time346
- Figure 174: Circuit Breaker Autoclose Logic Diagram (Modules 32 & 33)346
- Prepare Reclaim Initiation Logic Diagram347
- Figure 175: Prepare Reclaim Initiation Logic Diagram (Module 34)347
- Reclaim Time Logic Diagram348
- Figure 176: Reclaim Time Logic Diagram (Module 35)348
- Succesful Autoreclose Signals Logic Diagram349
- Figure 177: Successful Autoreclose Signals Logic Diagram (Module 36)349
- Autoreclose Reset Successful Indication Logic Diagram350
- CB Healthy and System Check Timers350
- Figure 178: Autoreclose Reset Successful Indication Logic Diagram (Modules 37 & 38)350
- CB Healthy and System Check Timers Logic Diagram351
- Autoreclose Shot Counters351
- Figure 179: Circuit Breaker Healthy and System Check Timers Healthy Logic Diagram (Module 39)351
- Autoreclose Shot Counters Logic Diagram353
- Figure 180: Autoreclose Shot Counters Logic Diagram (Modules 41 & 42)353
- Circuit Breaker Control354
- CB Control Logic Diagram354
- Figure 181: CB1 Control Logic (Module 43)354
- Circuit Breaker Trip Time Monitoring355
- Figure 182: CB2 Control Logic (Module 44)355
- CB Trip Time Monitoring Logic Diagram356
- Figure 183: Circuit Breaker Trip Time Monitoring Logic Diagram (Modules 53 & 54)356
- Autoreclose Lockout357
- CB Lockout Logic Diagram358
- Figure 184: CB1 Lockout Logic Diagram (Module 55)358
- Reset Circuit Breaker Lockout359
- Figure 185: CB2 Lockout Logic Diagram (Module 56)359
- Reset CB Lockout Logic Diagram361
- Pole Discrepancy361
- Figure 186: Reset Circuit Breaker Lockout Logic Diagram (Modules 57 & 58)361
- Pole Discrepancy Logic Diagram362
- Circuit Breaker Trip Conversion362
- Figure 187: Pole Discrepancy Logic Diagram (Module 62)362
- CB Trip Conversion Logic Diagram363
- Monitor Checks for CB Closure363
- Figure 188: Circuit Breaker Trip Conversion Logic Diagram (Module 63)363
- Voltage Monitor for CB Closure364
- Figure 189: Voltage Monitor for CB Closure (Module 59)364
- Check Synchronisation Monitor for CB Closure365
- Figure 190: Check Synchronisation Monitor for CB1 Closure (Module 60)365
- Synchronisation Checks for CB Closure366
- Figure 191: Check Synchronisation Monitor for CB2 Closure (Module 61)366
- Three-Phase Autoreclose Leader Check Logic Diagram368
- Figure 192: Three-Phase AR System Check Logic Diagram for CB1 as Leader (Module 45)368
- Figure 193: Three-Phase AR System Check Logic Diagram for CB2 as Leader (Module 46)369
- Three-Phase Autoreclose Follower Check Logic Diagram370
- Figure 194: Three-Phase AR System Check Logic D for CB1 as Follower (Module 47)370
- Figure 195: Three-Phase AR System Check Logic Diagram for CB2 as Follower (Module 48)371
- CB Manual Close System Check Logic Diagram372
- Figure 196: CB Manual Close System Check Logic Diagram (Modules 51 & 52)372
Setting Guidelines373
- De-Ionising Time Guidance373
- Dead Timer Setting Guidelines373
- Example Dead Time Calculation373
- Reclaim Time Setting Guidelines374
- Autoreclose Shot Counters374
Chapter 12 CB Fail Protection377
Chapter Overview379
Circuit Breaker Fail Protection380
Circuit Breaker Fail Implementation381
- Circuit Breaker Fail Timers381
- Zero Crossing Detection381
Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part383
- Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part384
- Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part 3385
- Figure 200: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part 4386
- Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part 4386
Application Notes387
- Reset Mechanisms for CB Fail Timers387
- Setting Guidelines (CB Fail Timer)387
- Setting Guidelines (Undercurrent)388
- Figure 201: CB Fail Timing388
Chapter 13 Current Protection Functions389
Chapter Overview391
Phase Fault Overcurrent Protection392
- POC Implementation392
- Directional Element392
- POC Logic394
- Figure 202: Phase Overcurrent Protection Logic Diagram394
Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection395
- Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection Implementation395
- Directional Element395
- NPSOC Logic396
- Application Notes396
- Setting Guidelines (Current Threshold)396
- Setting Guidelines (Time Delay)396
- Setting Guidelines (Directional Element)396
- Figure 203: Negative Phase Sequence Overcurrent Protection Logic Diagram396
Earth Fault Protection398
- Earth Fault Protection Implementation398
- IDG Curve398
- Directional Element399
- Residual Voltage Polarisation399
- Figure 204: IDG Characteristic399
- Negative Sequence Polarisation400
- Earth Fault Protection Logic401
- Application Notes401
- Residual Voltage Polarisation Setting Guidelines401
- Setting Guidelines (Directional Element)401
- Figure 205: Earth Fault Protection Logic Diagram401
Sensitive Earth Fault Protection403
- SEF Protection Implementation403
- EPATR B Curve403
- Sensitive Earth Fault Protection Logic404
- Figure 206: EPATR B Characteristic Shown for TMS = 1.0404
- Figure 207: Sensitive Earth Fault Protection Logic Diagram404
- Application Notes405
- Insulated Systems405
- Figure 208: Current Distribution in an Insulated System with C Phase Fault405
- Setting Guidelines (Insulated Systems)406
- Figure 209: Phasor Diagrams for Insulated System with C Phase Fault406
- Figure 210: Positioning of Core Balance Current Transformers407
High Impedance REF408
- High Impedance REF Principle408
- Figure 211: High Impedance REF Principle408
- Figure 212: High Impedance REF Connection409
Thermal Overload Protection410
- Single Time Constant Characteristic410
- Dual Time Constant Characteristic410
- Thermal Overload Protection Implementation411
- Thermal Overload Protection Logic411
- Application Notes411
- Setting Guidelines for Dual Time Constant Characteristic411
- Figure 213: Thermal Overload Protection Logic Diagram411
- Figure 214: Spreadsheet Calculation for Dual Time Constant Thermal Characteristic412
- Figure 215: Dual Time Constant Thermal Characteristic412
- Setting Guidelines for Single Time Constant Characteristic413
Broken Conductor Protection414
- Broken Conductor Protection Implementation414
- Broken Conductor Protection Logic414
- Application Notes414
- Setting Guidelines414
- Figure 216: Broken Conductor Logic414
Chapter 14 Voltage Protection Functions417
Chapter Overview419
Undervoltage Protection420
- Undervoltage Protection Implementation420
- Undervoltage Protection Logic421
- Figure 217: Undervoltage - Single and Three Phase Tripping Mode (Single Stage)421
- Application Notes422
- Undervoltage Setting Guidelines422
Overvoltage Protection423
- Overvoltage Protection Implementation423
- Overvoltage Protection Logic424
- Figure 218: Overvoltage - Single and Three Phase Tripping Mode (Single Stage)424
- Application Notes425
- Overvoltage Setting Guidelines425
Compensated Overvoltage426
Residual Overvoltage Protection427
- Residual Overvoltage Protection Implementation427
- Residual Overvoltage Logic428
- Application Notes428
- Calculation for Solidly Earthed Systems428
- Figure 219: Residual Overvoltage Logic428
- Calculation for Impedance Earthed Systems429
- Figure 220: Residual Voltage for a Solidly Earthed System429
- Setting Guidelines430
- Figure 221: Residual Voltage for an Impedance Earthed System430
Chapter 15 Frequency Protection Functions431
Chapter Overview433
Frequency Protection434
- Underfrequency Protection434
- Underfrequency Protection Implementation434
- Underfrequency Protection Logic435
- Application Notes435
- Overfrequency Protection435
- Overfrequency Protection Implementation435
- Figure 222: Underfrequency Logic (Single Stage)435
- Overfrequency Protection Logic436
- Application Notes436
- Figure 223: Overfrequency Logic (Single Stage)436
Independent R.O.C.O.F Protection437
- Indepenent R.O.C.O.F Protection Implementation437
- Independent R.O.C.O.F Protection Logic437
- Figure 224: Rate of Change of Frequency Logic (Single Stage)437
Chapter 16 Monitoring and Control439
Chapter Overview441
Event Records442
- Event Types442
- Opto-Input Events443
- Contact Events443
- Alarm Events443
- Fault Record Events444
- Maintenance Events444
- Protection Events444
- Figure 225: Fault Recorder Stop Conditions444
- Security Events445
- Platform Events445
Disturbance Recorder446
Measurements447
- Measured Quantities447
- Measurement Setup447
- Fault Locator447
- Opto-Input Time Stamping447
CB Condition Monitoring448
- Broken Current Accumulator449
- Figure 226: Broken Current Accumulator Logic Diagram449
- CB Trip Counter450
- Figure 227: CB Trip Counter Logic Diagram450
- CB Operating Time Accumulator451
- Figure 228: Operating Time Accumulator451
- Excessive Fault Frequency Counter452
- Figure 229: Excessive Fault Frequency Logic Diagram452
- Reset Lockout Alarm453
- Figure 230: Reset Lockout Alarm Logic Diagram453
- CB Condition Monitoring Logic454
- Figure 231: CB1 Condition Monitoring Logic Diagram454
- Reset Circuit Breaker Lockout455
- Figure 232: CB2 Condition Monitoring Logic Diagram455
- Reset CB Lockout Logic Diagram457
- Application Notes457
- Setting the Thresholds for the Total Broken Current457
- Figure 233: Reset Circuit Breaker Lockout Logic Diagram (Modules 57 & 58)457
- Setting the Thresholds for the Number of Operations458
- Setting the Thresholds for the Operating Time458
- Setting the Thresholds for Excesssive Fault Frequency458
CB State Monitoring459
- CB State Monitor460
- Figure 234: CB State Logic Diagram (Module 1)460
Circuit Breaker Control461
- CB Control Using the IED Menu461
- CB Control Using the Hotkeys462
- CB Control Using the Function Keys462
- Figure 235: Hotkey Menu Navigation462
- CB Control Using the Opto-Inputs463
- Remote CB Control463
- Figure 236: Default Function Key PSL463
- CB Healthy Check464
- Synchronisation Check464
- CB Control AR Implications464
- Figure 237: Remote Control of Circuit Breaker464
- CB Control Logic Diagram465
- Figure 238: CB1 Control Logic (Module 43)465
- Figure 239: CB2 Control Logic (Module 44)466
Pole Dead Function467
- Pole Dead Logic467
- Figure 240: Pole Dead Logic467
System Checks468
- System Checks Implementation468
- VT Connections468
- Voltage Monitoring469
- Check Synchronisation469
- Check Syncronisation Vector Diagram469
- Figure 241: Check Synchronisation Vector Diagram470
- Voltage Monitor for CB Closure471
- Figure 242: Voltage Monitor for CB Closure (Module 59)471
- Check Synchronisation Monitor for CB Closure472
- Figure 243: Check Synchronisation Monitor for CB1 Closure (Module 60)472
- Figure 244: Check Synchronisation Monitor for CB2 Closure (Module 61)473
- System Check PSL474
- Application Notes474
- Predictive Closure of Circuit Breakers474
- Voltage and Phase Angle Correction474
- Figure 245: System Check PSL474
Chapter 17 Supervision477
Chapter Overview479
Voltage Transformer Supervision480
- Loss of One or Two Phase Voltages480
- Loss of All Three Phase Voltages480
- Absence of All Three Phase Voltages on Line Energisation480
- VTS Implementation481
- VTS Logic482
- Figure 246: VTS Logic482
Current Transformer Supervision484
- CTS Implementation484
- Standard CTS Logic485
- CTS Blocking485
- Application Notes485
- Setting Guidelines485
- Figure 247: Standard CTS485
Trip Circuit Supervision486
- Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme486
- Resistor Values486
- Figure 248: TCS Scheme 1486
- Psl for Tcs Scheme 1487
- Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme487
- Figure 249: PSL for TCS Scheme 1487
- Resistor Values488
- Psl for Tcs Scheme 2488
- Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme488
- Figure 251: PSL for TCS Scheme 2488
- Figure 252: TCS Scheme 3488
- Resistor Values489
- Psl for Tcs Scheme 3489
- Figure 253: PSL for TCS Scheme 3489
Chapter 18 Digital I/O and PSL Configuration491
Chapter Overview493
Configuring Digital Inputs and Outputs494
Scheme Logic495
- Figure 254: Scheme Logic Interfaces495
- PSL Editor496
- PSL Schemes496
- PSL Scheme Version Control496
Configuring the Opto-Inputs497
Assigning the Output Relays498
Fixed Function Leds499
- Trip LED Logic499
- Figure 255: Trip LED Logic499
Configuring Programmable Leds500
Function Keys502
Control Inputs503
Chapter 19 Fibre Teleprotection505
Chapter Overview507
Protection Signalling Introduction508
- Unit Protection Schemes508
- Teleprotection Commands508
- Transmission Media and Interference509
Fibre Teleprotection Implementation510
- Setting up the IM64 Scheme510
- Fibre Teleprotection Scheme Terminal Addressing511
- Figure 256: Fibre Teleprotection Connections for a Three-Terminal Scheme511
- Setting up IM64512
- Two-Terminal IM64 Operation512
- Dual Redundant Two-Terminal IM64 Operation512
- Three-Terminal IM64 Operation512
- Physical Connection513
- Figure 257: Interfacing to PCM Multiplexers515
IM64 Logic517
- Figure 258: IM64 Channel Fail and Scheme Fail Logic517
- Figure 259: IM64 General Alarm Signals Logic517
- Figure 260: IM64 Communications Mode and IEEE C37.94 Alarm Signals518
Application Notes519
- Alarm Management519
- Alarm Logic519
- Two-Ended Scheme Extended Supervision520
- Three-Ended Scheme Extended Supervision520
- Figure 261: IM64 Two-Terminal Scheme Extended Supervision520
- Figure 262: IM64 Three-Terminal Scheme Extended Supervision520
Chapter 20 Electrical Teleprotection523
Chapter Overview525
Introduction526
Teleprotection Scheme Principles527
- Direct Tripping527
- Permissive Tripping527
Implementation528
Configuration529
- Figure 263: Example Assignment of Intermicom Signals Within the PSL530
Connecting to Electrical Intermicom531
- Short Distance531
- Long Distance531
- Figure 264: Direct Connection531
- Figure 265: Indirect Connection Using Modems531
Application Notes532
Chapter 21 Communications535
Chapter Overview537
Communication Interfaces538
Serial Communication539
- EIA(RS)232 Bus539
- EIA(RS)485 Bus539
- EIA(RS)485 Biasing Requirements540
- K-Bus540
- Figure 266: RS485 Biasing Circuit540
- Figure 267: Remote Communication Using K-Bus541
Standard Ethernet Communication542
- Hot-Standby Ethernet Failover542
Redundant Ethernet Communication543
- Supported Protocols543
- Parallel Redundancy Protocol544
- Figure 268: IED Attached to Separate Lans544
- High-Availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR)545
- HSR Multicast Topology545
- HSR Unicast Topology545
- Figure 269: HSR Multicast Topology545
- HSR Application in the Substation546
- Figure 270: HSR Unicast Topology546
- Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol547
- Figure 271: HSR Application in the Substation547
- Figure 272: IED Attached to Redundant Ethernet Star or Ring Circuit547
- Self Healing Protocol548
- Figure 273: IED, Bay Computer and Ethernet Switch with Self Healing Ring Facilities548
- Figure 274: Redundant Ethernet Ring Architecture with IED, Bay Computer and Ethernet Switches548
- Dual Homing Protocol549
- Figure 275: Redundant Ethernet Ring Architecture with IED, Bay Computer and Ethernet Switches549
- Figure 276: Dual Homing Mechanism550
- Configuring IP Addresses551
- Figure 277: Application of Dual Homing Star at Substation Level551
- Configuring the IED IP Address552
- Configuring the REB IP Address552
- Figure 278: IED and REB IP Address Configuration552
- PRP/HSR Configurator554
- Connecting the IED to a PC555
- Installing the Configurator555
- Starting the Configurator555
- Figure 279: Connection Using (A) an Ethernet Switch and (B) a Media Converter555
- PRP/HSR Device Identification556
- Selecting the Device Mode556
- PRP/HSR IP Address Configuration556
- SNTP IP Address Configuration556
- Check for Connected Equipment556
- PRP Configuration556
- HSR Configuration557
- Filtering Database557
- End of Session558
- RSTP Configurator558
- Connecting the IED to a PC558
- Installing the Configurator559
- Starting the Configurator559
- RSTP Device Identification559
- Figure 280: Connection Using (A) an Ethernet Switch and (B) a Media Converter559
- RSTP IP Address Configuration560
- SNTP IP Address Configuration560
- Check for Connected Equipment560
- RSTP Configuration560
- End of Session561
- Switch Manager561
- Installation562
- Setup563
- Network Setup563
- Bandwidth Used563
- Reset Counters563
- Check for Connected Equipment563
- Mirroring Function564
- Ports On/Off564
- Vlan564
- End of Session564
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)565
- SNMP Management Information Bases565
- Main Processor MIBS Structure565
- Redundant Ethernet Board MIB Structure566
- Accessing the MIB570
- Main Processor SNMP Configuration570
Data Protocols572
- Courier572
- Physical Connection and Link Layer572
- Courier Database573
- Settings Categories573
- Setting Changes573
- Event Extraction573
- Disturbance Record Extraction575
- Programmable Scheme Logic Settings575
- Time Synchronisation575
- Courier Configuration576
- Physical Connection and Link Layer577
- Iec 60870-5-103577
- Initialisation578
- Time Synchronisation578
- Spontaneous Events578
- General Interrogation (GI)578
- Cyclic Measurements578
- Commands578
- Test Mode579
- Disturbance Records579
- Command/Monitor Blocking579
- IEC 60870-5-103 Configuration579
- Dnp580
- Physical Connection and Link Layer580
- Object 1 Binary Inputs581
- Object 10 Binary Outputs581
- Object 20 Binary Counters582
- Object 30 Analogue Input582
- Figure 281: Control Input Behaviour582
- Object 40 Analogue Output583
- Object 50 Time Synchronisation583
- DNP3 Device Profile583
- DNP3 Configuration591
- Iec 61850592
- Benefits of IEC 61850593
- IEC 61850 Interoperability593
- The IEC 61850 Data Model593
- IEC 61850 in Micom Ieds594
- Figure 282: Data Model Layers in IEC61850594
- IEC 61850 Data Model Implementation595
- IEC 61850 Communication Services Implementation595
- IEC 61850 Peer-To-Peer (GOOSE) Communications595
- Mapping GOOSE Messages to Virtual Inputs595
- Ethernet Functionality596
- IEC 61850 Configuration596
- Iec 61850 Edition 2597
- Figure 283: Edition 2 System - Backward Compatibility598
- Figure 284: Edition 1 System - Forward Compatibility Issues598
- Figure 285: Example of Standby IED599
- Figure 286: Standby IED Activation Process600
Read Only Mode601
- Courier Protocol Blocking601
- IEC 61850 Protocol Blocking602
- Read-Only Settings602
- Read-Only DDB Signals602
Time Synchronisation603
- Demodulated IRIG-B603
- IRIG-B Implementation603
- Figure 287: GPS Satellite Timing Signal603
- Sntp604
- Loss of SNTP Server Signal Alarm604
- IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol604
- Accuracy and Delay Calculation604
- PTP Domains605
- Time Synchronsiation Using the Communication Protocols605
- Figure 288: Timing Error Using Ring or Line Topology605
Chapter 22 Cyber-Security607
Overview609
The Need for Cyber-Security610
Standards611
- NERC Compliance611
- Cip 002612
- Cip 007613
- Ieee 1686-2007613
Cyber-Security Implementation615
- NERC-Compliant Display615
- Four-Level Access616
- Figure 289: Default Display Navigation616
- Blank Passwords617
- Password Rules618
- Access Level Ddbs618
- Enhanced Password Security618
- Password Strengthening618
- Password Validation619
- Password Blocking619
- Password Recovery620
- Password Encryption621
- Disabling Physical Ports621
- Disabling Logical Ports621
- Security Events Management622
- Logging out624
Chapter 23 Installation625
Chapter Overview627
Handling the Goods628
- Receipt of the Goods628
- Unpacking the Goods628
- Storing the Goods628
- Dismantling the Goods628
Mounting the Device629
- Flush Panel Mounting629
- Figure 290: Location of Battery Isolation Strip629
- Rack Mounting630
- Figure 291: Rack Mounting of Products630
Cables and Connectors632
- Terminal Blocks632
- Figure 292: Terminal Block Types632
- Power Supply Connections633
- Earth Connnection633
- Watchdog Connections633
- EIA(RS)485 and K-Bus Connections633
- IRIG-B Connection634
- Opto-Input Connections634
- Output Relay Connections634
- Ethernet Metallic Connections634
- Ethernet Fibre Connections634
- RS232 Connection635
- Download/Monitor Port635
- GPS Fibre Connection635
- Fibre Communication Connections635
Case Dimensions636
- Case Dimensions 40TE636
- Figure 293: 40TE Case Dimensions636
Chapter 24 Commissioning Instructions637
Chapter Overview639
General Guidelines640
Commissioning Test Menu641
- Opto I/P Status Cell (Opto-Input Status)641
- Relay O/P Status Cell (Relay Output Status)641
- Test Port Status Cell641
- Monitor Bit 1 to 8 Cells641
- Test Mode Cell642
- Test Pattern Cell642
- Contact Test Cell642
- Test Leds Cell642
- Test Autoreclose Cell642
- Static Test Mode643
- Loopback Mode643
- IM64 Test Pattern644
- IM64 Test Mode644
- Red and Green LED Status Cells644
- Using a Monitor Port Test Box644
Commissioning Equipment645
- Recommended Commissioning Equipment645
- Essential Commissioning Equipment645
- Advisory Test Equipment646
Product Checks647
- Product Checks with the IED De-Energised647
- Visual Inspection648
- Current Transformer Shorting Contacts648
- Insulation648
- External Wiring648
- Watchdog Contacts649
- Power Supply649
- Product Checks with the IED Energised649
- Test LCD650
- Date and Time650
- Test Leds651
- Test Alarm and Out-Of-Service Leds651
- Test Trip LED651
- Test User-Programmable Leds651
- Test Opto-Inputs651
- Test Output Relays651
- Test Serial Communication Port RP1652
- Figure 294: RP1 Physical Connection652
- Test Serial Communication Port RP2653
- Test Ethernet Communication653
- Figure 295: Remote Communication Using K-Bus653
- Secondary Injection Tests654
- Test Current Inputs654
- Test Voltage Inputs654
Electrical Intermicom Communication Loopback656
- Setting up the Loopback656
- Loopback Test656
- Figure 296: Intermicom Loopback Testing656
- Intermicom Command Bits657
- Intermicom Channel Diagnostics657
- Simulating a Channel Failure657
Intermicom 64 Communication658
- Checking the Interface658
- Setting up the Loopback659
- Loopback Test659
Setting Checks660
- Apply Application-Specific Settings660
- Transferring Settings from a Settings File660
- Entering Settings Using the HMI660
IEC 61850 Edition 2 Testing662
- Using IEC 61850 Edition 2 Test Modes662
- IED Test Mode Behaviour662
- Sampled Value Test Mode Behaviour662
- Simulated Input Behaviour663
- Testing Examples663
- Figure 297: Simulated Input Behaviour663
- Test Procedure for Real Values664
- Test Procedure for Simulated Values - no Plant664
- Figure 298: Test Example 1664
- Test Procedure for Simulated Values - with Plant665
- Figure 299: Test Example 2665
- Contact Test666
- Figure 300: Test Example 3666
Distance Protection667
- Single-Ended Testing667
- Preliminaries667
- Zone 1 Reach Check667
- Zone 2 Reach Check668
- Zone 3 Reach Check668
- Zone 4 Reach Check668
- Zone P Reach Check668
- Resistive Reach669
- Load Blinder669
- Operation and Contact Assignment669
- Phase a669
- Phase B669
- Phase C669
- Time Delay Settings670
- Scheme Testing670
- Scheme Trip Test for Zone 1 Extension671
- Scheme Trip Tests for Permissive Schemes671
- Scheme Trip Tests for Blocking Scheme671
- Signal Send Test for Permissive Schemes672
- Signal Send Test for Blocking Scheme672
- Scheme Timer Settings672
Delta Directional Comparison673
- Single-Ended Testing673
- Preliminaries673
- Single-Ended Injection Test673
- Forward Fault Preparation673
- Operation and Contact Assignment674
- Phase a674
- Phase B674
- Phase C674
- Delta Protection Scheme Testing675
- Signal Send Test for Permissive Schemes675
- Signal Send Test for Blocking Schemes675
DEF Aided Schemes676
- Earth Current Pilot Scheme676
- Preliminaries676
- Perform the Test676
- Forward Fault Trip Test677
- Scheme Testing677
- Signal Send Test for Permissive Schemes677
- Signal Send Test for Blocking Schemes677
Out of Step Protection678
- OST Setting678
- Figure 301: State Impedances678
- Predictive OST Setting679
- Predictive and OST Setting679
- OST Timer Test679
Protection Timing Checks680
- Overcurrent Check680
- Connecting the Test Circuit680
- Performing the Test680
- Check the Operating Time680
System Check and Check Synchronism682
- Check Synchronism Pass682
- Check Synchronism Fail682
Check Trip and Autoreclose Cycle683
End-To-End Communication Tests684
- Remove Local Loopbacks684
- Restoring Direct Fibre Connections684
- Restoring C37.94 Fibre Connections685
- Communications Using P59X Interface Units685
- Remove Remote Loopbacks685
- Verify Communication between Ieds685
End-To-End Scheme Tests687
- Aided Scheme687
- Preparation at Remote End687
- Performing the Test687
- Channel Check in the Opposite Direction687
Onload Checks689
- Confirm Current Connections689
- Confirm Voltage Connections689
- On-Load Directional Test690
Final Checks691
Commmissioning the P59X692
- Visual Inspection692
- Insulation692
- External Wiring692
- P59X Auxiliary Supply692
- P59X Leds693
- Received Optical Signal Level693
- Optical Transmitter Level693
- Loopback Test694
Chapter 25 Maintenance and Troubleshooting695
Chapter Overview697
Maintenance698
- Maintenance Checks698
- Alarms698
- Opto-Isolators698
- Output Relays698
- Measurement Accuracy698
- Replacing the Device699
- Repairing the Device700
- Removing the Front Panel700
- Figure 302: Possible Terminal Block Types700
- Replacing Pcbs701
- Replacing the Main Processor Board701
- Replacement of Communications Boards702
- Figure 303: Front Panel Assembly702
- Replacement of the Input Module703
- Replacement of the Power Supply Board703
- Replacement of the I/O Boards704
- Recalibration704
- Changing the Battery704
- Post Modification Tests705
- Battery Disposal705
- Cleaning705
Troubleshooting706
- Self-Diagnostic Software706
- Power-Up Errors706
- Error Message or Code on Power-Up706
- Out of Service LED on at Power-Up707
- Error Code During Operation708
- Backup Battery708
- Mal-Operation During Testing708
- Failure of Output Contacts708
- Failure of Opto-Inputs708
- Incorrect Analogue Signals709
- Coprocessor Board Failures709
- Signalling Failure Alarm (on Its Own)709
- C Diff Failure Alarm (on Its Own)709
- Signalling Failure and C Diff Failure Alarms Together709
- Incompatible IED709
- Comms Changed709
- IEEE C37.94 Fail710
- PSL Editor Troubleshooting710
- Diagram Reconstruction710
- PSL Version Check710
- Repair and Modification Procedure710
Chapter 26 Technical Specifications713
Chapter Overview715
Interfaces716
- Front Serial Port716
- Download/Monitor Port716
- Rear Serial Port716
- Fibre Rear Serial Port716
- Optional Rear Serial Port (SK5)717
- IRIG-B (Demodulated)717
- IRIG-B (Modulated)717
- Rear Serial Port 2717
- Rear Ethernet Port Copper718
- Rear Ethernet Port Fibre718
- 100 Base Fx Receiver Characteristics718
- 100 Base Fx Transmitter Characteristics719
- PPS Port719
- Fibre Teleprotection Interface719
Protection Functions720
- Distance Protection720
- Power Swing Blocking720
- Out of Step Protection721
- Fibre Teleprotection Transfer Times721
- Autoreclose and Check Synychronism721
- Phase Overcurrent Protection721
- Transient Overreach and Overshoot722
- Phase Overcurrent Directional Parameters722
- Earth Fault Protection722
- Earth Fault Directional Parameters722
- Sensitive Earth Fault Protection723
- Sensitive Earth Fault Protection Directional Element723
- High Impedance Restricted Earth Fault Protection723
- Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection723
- NPSOC Directional Parameters724
- Circuit Breaker Fail and Undercurrent Protection724
- Broken Conductor Protection724
- Thermal Overload Protection724
Monitoring, Control and Supervision725
- Voltage Transformer Supervision725
- Standard Current Transformer Supervision725
- Differential Current Transformer Supervision725
- CB State and Condition Monitoring725
- PSL Timers726
Measurements and Recording727
- General727
- Disturbance Records727
- Event, Fault and Maintenance Records727
- Fault Locator727
Ratings728
- AC Measuring Inputs728
- Current Transformer Inputs728
- Voltage Transformer Inputs728
- Auxiliary Supply Voltage728
- Nominal Burden729
- Power Supply Interruption729
- Battery Backup730
Input / Output Connections731
- Isolated Digital Inputs731
- Nominal Pickup and Reset Thresholds731
- Standard Output Contacts731
- High Break Output Contacts732
- Watchdog Contacts732
Mechanical Specifications733
- Physical Parameters733
- Enclosure Protection733
- Mechanical Robustness733
- Transit Packaging Performance733
Type Tests734
- Insulation734
- Creepage Distances and Clearances734
- High Voltage (Dielectric) Withstand734
- Impulse Voltage Withstand Test734
Environmental Conditions735
- Ambient Temperature Range735
- Temperature Endurance Test735
- Ambient Humidity Range735
- Corrosive Environments735
Electromagnetic Compatibility736
- Mhz Burst High Frequency Disturbance Test736
- Damped Oscillatory Test736
- Immunity to Electrostatic Discharge736
- Electrical Fast Transient or Burst Requirements736
- Surge Withstand Capability736
- Surge Immunity Test737
- Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Energy737
- Radiated Immunity from Digital Communications737
- Radiated Immunity from Digital Radio Telephones737
- Immunity to Conducted Disturbances Induced by Radio Frequency Fields737
- Magnetic Field Immunity738
- Conducted Emissions738
- Radiated Emissions738
- Power Frequency738
Regulatory Compliance739
- EMC Compliance: 2014/30/EU739
- LVD Compliance: 2014/35/EU739
- R&TTE Compliance: 2014/53/EU739
- UL/CUL Compliance739
- ATEX Compliance: 2014/34/EU739
Appendix A Ordering Options741
Appendix B Settings and Signals745
Appendix C Wiring Diagrams745

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