GE MiCOM P40

● Reverse Resistive Reach
● Directional Line Angle
● Zone Characteristic Impedance Angle
● Tilt Angles of Impedance Reach Lines
The Impedance Reach, the Resistive Reach, and the Zone Characteristic Impedance Angle, can be freely assigned.
The Directional Line Angle is 60º by default but can be varied if the Delta Directional element is enabled. The Tilt
Angle of the impedance lines has a default setting of -3º, but some variation is allowed if the Advanced setting
option is chosen.
The Reverse Impedance Reach, and the Reverse Resistive Reach are applied as a fixed ratio of the Impedance
Reach and the Resistive Reach for Directional characteristics. The ratios used vary according to the zone type. The
following tables present the different values for phase-phase characteristics and phase-earth characteristics. For
completion, the reach limit values for Offset zones are also included (although the overlaid Directional line does not
apply and the Offset characteristics will always be quadrilateral).
Phase-to-phase Element Reaches
Zone Type Impedance Reach Z
Reverse Impedance
Reach Z’
Resistive Reach R
Reverse Resistive
Reach R’
1 Ph-Ph Forward Z1 Ph. Reach 0.25 Z ½*R1 Ph. Resistive 0.25 R
2 Ph-Ph Forward Z2 Ph. Reach 0.25 Z ½*R2 Ph. Resistive 0.25 R
3 Ph-Ph Forward Z3 Ph. Reach 0.25 Z ½*R3 Ph. Resistive 0.25 R
3 Ph-Ph Reverse Z3 Ph. Reach 0.25 Z ½*R3 Ph. Resistive 0.25 R
3 Ph-Ph Offset Z3 Ph. Reach Z3’ Ph Rev Reach ½*R3 Ph. Resistive ½*R3’ Ph Res. Rev.
4 Ph-Ph Reverse Z4 Ph. Reach Z ½*R4 Ph. Resistive 0.25 R
P Ph-Ph Forward ZP Ph. Reach Z ½*RP Ph Resistive 0.25 R
P Ph-Ph Reverse ZP Ph. Reach Z ½*RP Ph Resistive 0.25 R
P Ph-Ph Offset ZQ Ph. Reach ZP’ Ph Rev Reach ½*RP Ph Resistive ½*RP’ Ph. Res. Rev.
Q Ph-Ph Forward ZQ Ph. Reach Z ½*RQ Ph Resistive 0.25 R
Q Ph-Ph Reverse ZQ Ph. Reach Z ½*RQ Ph Resistive 0.25 R
Q Ph-Ph Offset ZQ Ph. Reach ZQ’ Ph Rev Reach ½*RQ Ph Resistive ½*RQ’ Ph. Res. Rev.
Phase-to-earth Element Reaches
Zone
Type Impedance Reach Z Reverse Impedance Reach Z’ Resistive Reach R
Reverse Resistive
Reach R’
1 Ph-Earth Forward
Z1 Gnd. Reach * (1 + k
ZN
)
0.25 Z R1 Gnd Resistive 0.25 R
2 Ph-Earth Forward
Z2 Gnd. Reach * (1 + k
ZN
)
0.25 Z R2 Gnd Resistive 0.25 R
3 Ph-Earth Forward
Z3 Gnd. Reach * (1 + k
ZN
)
0.25 Z R3 Gnd Resistive 0.25 R
3 Ph-Earth Reverse
Z3 Gnd. Reach * (1 + k
ZN
)
0.25 Z R3 Gnd Resistive 0.25 R
3 Ph-Earth Offset
Z3 Gnd. Reach * (1 + k
ZN
) Z3’ Gnd Rev Rch * (1 + k
ZN
)
R3 Gnd Resistive R3’ Ph Res. Rev
4 Ph-Earth Reverse
Z4 Gnd. Reach * (1 + k
ZN
)
Z R4 Gnd Resistive 0.25 R
P Ph-Earth Forward
ZP Gnd. Reach * (1 + k
ZN
)
0.25 Z RP Gnd Resistive 0.25 R
P Ph-Earth Reverse
ZP Gnd. Reach * (1 + k
ZN
)
0.25 Z RP Gnd Resistive 0.25 R
P Ph-Earth Offset
ZQ Gnd. Reach * (1 + k
ZN
) ZP’ Gnd Rev Rch * (1 + k
ZN
)
RP Gnd Resistive RP’ Gnd Res. Rev
Q Ph-Earth Forward
ZQ Gnd. Reach * (1 + k
ZN
)
0.25 Z RQ Gnd Resistive 0.25 R
Q Ph-Earth Reverse
ZQ Gnd. Reach * (1 + k
ZN
)
0.25 Z RQ Gnd Resistive 0.25 R
P446SV Chapter 7 - Distance Protection
P446SV-TM-EN-1 125