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8720ES
Agilent Technologies 8720ES User Manual
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6-1
6
Calibrating for Increased
Measurement Accuracy
294
296
Table of Contents
Default Chapter
1
Network Analyzers
1
Safety Notes
3
Table of Contents
5
Making Measurements
15
Using this Chapter
16
More Instrument Functions Not Described in this Guide
17
Making a Basic Measurement
18
Step 1. Connect the Device under Test and any Required Test Equipment
18
Step 2. Choose the Measurement Parameters
18
Step 3. Perform and Apply the Appropriate Error-Correction
19
Step 4. Measure the Device under Test
19
Step 5. Output the Measurement Results
20
Measuring Magnitude and Insertion Phase Response
21
Measuring the Magnitude Response
21
Measuring Insertion Phase Response
22
Using Display Functions
24
Titling the Active Channel Display
25
Viewing both Primary Measurement Channels
26
Viewing Four Measurement Channels
28
Customizing the Four-Channel Display
31
Using Memory Traces and Memory Math Functions
33
Blanking the Display
34
Adjusting the Colors of the Display
36
Using Markers
38
To Use Continuous and Discrete Markers
38
To Activate Display Markers
39
To Move Marker Information off the Grids
40
To Use Delta () Markers
42
To Activate a Fixed Marker
43
To Couple and Uncouple Display Markers
45
To Use Polar Format Markers
46
To Use Smith Chart Markers
47
To Set Measurement Parameters Using Markers
48
Setting the CW Frequency
52
To Search for a Specific Amplitude
53
To Calculate the Statistics of the Measurement Data
55
Measuring Electrical Length and Phase Distortion
57
Measuring Electrical Length
57
Electrical Length
57
Phase Distortion (Deviation from Linear Phase, Group Delay)
57
Measuring Phase Distortion
59
Characterizing a Duplexer (es Analyzers Only)
63
Definitions
63
Procedure
63
Measuring Amplifiers
66
Measuring Harmonics (Option 002 Only)
66
Measuring Harmonics (Option 002)
67
Measuring Gain Compression
72
(ES Analyzers Only)
76
Measuring Gain and Reverse Isolation Simultaneously (es Analyzers Only)
76
Using the Swept List Mode to Test a Device
83
Connect the Device under Test
83
Observe the Characteristics of the Filter
84
Choose the Measurement Parameters
84
Calibrate and Measure
86
Using Limit Lines to Test a Device
88
Setting up the Measurement Parameters
88
Creating Flat Limit Lines
89
Creating a Sloping Limit Line
91
Creating Single Point Limits
93
Editing Limit Segments
95
Running a Limit Test
95
Offsetting Limit Lines
96
Using Ripple Limits to Test a Device
98
Setting up the List of Ripple Limits to Test
98
Editing Ripple Test Limits
101
Running the Ripple Test
103
Using Bandwidth Limits to Test a Bandpass Filter
108
Setting up Bandwidth Limits
108
Running a Bandwidth Test
110
Using Test Sequencing
114
How to Use Test Sequencing
114
Creating a Sequence
114
Running a Sequence
116
Stopping a Sequence
116
Editing a Sequence
116
Clearing a Sequence from Memory
118
Changing the Sequence Title
118
Naming Files Generated by a Sequence
119
Storing a Sequence on a Disk
119
Loading a Sequence from Disk
119
Purging a Sequence from Disk
120
Printing a Sequence
120
In-Depth Sequencing Information
120
Using Test Sequencing to Test a Device
129
Cascading Multiple Example Sequences
129
Loop Counter Example Sequence
130
Generating Files in a Loop Counter Example Sequence
131
Limit Test Example Sequence
133
Single Connection Multiple Measurement Configuration (Option 014 Only)
135
Controlling External Switches
135
Chapter 2 Making Mixer Measurements
139
Using this Chapter
140
Mixer Measurement Capabilities
141
Measurement Considerations
142
Minimizing Source and Load Mismatches
142
Reducing the Effect of Spurious Responses
143
Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage Signals
143
How RF and if Are Defined
145
Frequency Offset Mode Operation
148
LO Frequency Accuracy and Stability
148
Differences between Internal and External R Channel Inputs
148
Power Meter Calibration
150
Conversion Loss Using the Frequency Offset Mode
151
Setting Measurement Parameters for the Power Meter Calibration
152
Performing a Power Meter (Source) Calibration over the RF Range
153
Setting the Analyzer to Make an R Channel Measurement
155
High Dynamic Range Swept RF/IF Conversion Loss
158
Set Measurement Parameters for the if Range
158
Perform a Power Meter Calibration over the if Range
158
Perform a Receiver Calibration over the if Range
160
Set the Analyzer to the RF Frequency Range
160
Perform a Power Meter Calibration over the RF Range
161
Perform the High Dynamic Range Measurement
161
Fixed if Mixer Measurements
164
Tuned Receiver Mode
164
Sequence 1 Setup
164
Sequence 2 Setup
169
Phase or Group Delay Measurements
172
Phase Measurements
172
Phase Linearity and Group Delay
172
Amplitude and Phase Tracking
176
Conversion Compression Using the Frequency Offset Mode
177
Isolation Example Measurements
182
LO to RF Isolation
182
RF Feedthrough
184
SWR / Return Loss
187
Making Time Domain Measurements
189
Using this Chapter
190
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
191
Making Transmission Response Measurements
193
Making Reflection Response Measurements
197
Time Domain Bandpass Mode
200
Adjusting the Relative Velocity Factor
200
Reflection Measurements Using Bandpass Mode
200
Transmission Measurements Using Bandpass Mode
202
Time Domain Low Pass Mode
203
Setting the Frequency Range for Time Domain Low Pass
203
Reflection Measurements in Time Domain Low Pass
204
Fault Location Measurements Using Low Pass
206
Transmission Measurements in Time Domain Low Pass
207
Transforming CW Time Measurements into the Frequency Domain
210
Forward Transform Measurements
210
Masking
214
Windowing
215
Range
218
Resolution
220
Response Resolution
220
Range Resolution
222
Gating
223
Setting the Gate
223
Selecting Gate Shape
224
Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results
225
Using this Chapter
226
Printing or Plotting Your Measurement Results
227
Configuring a Print Function
228
Defining a Print Function
230
If You Are Using a Color Printer
230
To Reset the Printing Parameters to Default Values
231
Printing One Measurement Per Page
231
Printing Multiple Measurements Per Page
232
Configuring a Plot Function
233
If You Are Plotting to an HPGL/2 Compatible Printer
233
If You Are Plotting to a Pen Plotter
234
If You Are Plotting Measurement Results to a Disk Drive
235
Defining a Plot Function
237
Choosing Display Elements
237
Selecting Auto-Feed
237
Selecting Pen Numbers and Colors
238
Selecting Line Types
238
Choosing Scale
239
Choosing Plot Speed
240
To Reset the Plotting Parameters to Default Values
240
Plotting One Measurement Per Page Using a Pen Plotter
241
Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page Using a Pen Plotter
242
If You Are Plotting to an HPGL Compatible Printer
243
To View Plot Files on a PC
244
Using Ami Pro
244
Using Freelance
245
Converting HPGL Files for Use with Other PC Applications
245
Outputting Plot Files from a PC to a Plotter
246
Outputting Plot Files from a PC to an HPGL Compatible Printer
247
Step 1. Store the HPGL Initialization Sequence
247
Step 2. Store the Exit HPGL Mode and Form Feed Sequence
248
Step 3. Send the HPGL Initialization Sequence to the Printer
248
Step 4. Send the Plot File to the Printer
248
Step 5. Send the Exit HPGL Mode and Form Feed Sequence to the Printer
248
Outputting Single Page Plots Using a Printer
248
Outputting Multiple Plots to a Single Page Using a Printer
249
Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page from Disk
250
To Plot Multiple Measurements on a Full Page
251
To Plot Measurements in Page Quadrants
252
Titling the Displayed Measurement
254
Configuring the Analyzer to Produce a Time Stamp
255
Aborting a Print or Plot Process
255
Printing or Plotting the List Values or Operating Parameters
256
If You Want a Single Page of Values
256
If You Want the Entire List of Values
256
Solving Problems with Printing or Plotting
257
Saving and Recalling Instrument States
258
Places Where You Can Save
258
What You Can Save to the Analyzer's Internal Memory
258
What You Can Save to a Floppy Disk
259
What You Can Save to a Computer
259
Saving an Instrument State
260
Saving Measurement Results
261
ASCII Data Formats
263
Saving in Textual (CSV) Form
266
Saving in Graphical (JPEG) Form
268
Instrument State Files
268
Saving Time Gated Frequency Data
271
Differences between Raw, Data, and Format Arrays
271
Re-Saving an Instrument State
273
Deleting a File
273
To Delete an Instrument State File
273
To Delete All Files
273
Renaming a File
274
Recalling a File
274
Formatting a Disk
275
Solving Problems with Saving or Recalling Files
275
If You Are Using an External Disk Drive
275
Optimizing Measurement Results
277
Using this Chapter
278
Taking Care of Microwave Connectors
279
Increasing Measurement Accuracy
280
Interconnecting Cables
280
Improper Calibration Techniques
280
Sweeping too Fast for Electrically Long Devices
280
Connector Repeatability
280
Temperature Drift
280
Frequency Drift
281
Performance Verification
281
Reference Plane and Port Extensions
281
Making Accurate Measurements of Electrically Long Devices
283
The Cause of Measurement Problems
283
To Improve Measurement Results
283
Increasing Sweep Speed
285
To Use Swept List Mode
285
To Decrease the Frequency Span
286
To Set the Auto Sweep Time Mode
286
To Widen the System Bandwidth
287
To Reduce the Averaging Factor
287
To Reduce the Number of Measurement Points
287
To Set the Sweep Type
287
To View a Single Measurement Channel
287
To Activate Chop Sweep Mode
288
To Use External Calibration
288
To Use Fast 2-Port Calibration (es Analyzers Only)
288
Increasing Dynamic Range
290
Increase the Test Port Input Power
290
Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor
290
Reduce the Receiver Crosstalk
290
Reducing Noise
291
To Activate Averaging
291
To Change System Bandwidth
291
To Use Direct Sampler Access Configurations (Option 014 Only)
292
Reducing Receiver Crosstalk
294
Reducing Recall Time
294
Understanding Spur Avoidance
294
Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy
295
How to Use this Chapter
296
Introduction
297
Calibration Considerations
298
Measurement Parameters
298
Device Measurements
298
Clarifying Type-N Connector Sex
298
Omitting Isolation Calibration
298
Saving Calibration Data
299
Restarting a Calibration
299
The Calibration Standards
299
Frequency Response of Calibration Standards
300
Interpolated Error Correction
302
Error-Correction Stimulus State
303
Procedures for Error Correcting Your Measurements
304
Types of Error Correction
304
Frequency Response Error Corrections
306
Response Error Correction for Reflection Measurements
306
Frequency Response Error Correction
306
Response Error Correction for Transmission Measurements
308
Receiver Calibration
309
Frequency Response and Isolation Error Corrections
311
Response and Isolation Error Correction for Transmission Measurements
311
Frequency Response and Isolation Error Correction
311
Response and Isolation Error Correction for Reflection Measurements
313
Enhanced Frequency Response Error Correction
316
Enhanced Frequency Response Error Correction (with Enhanced Reflection Error Correction)
316
Enhanced Reflection Calibration
319
One-Port Reflection Error Correction
320
Full Two-Port Error Correction (es Analyzers Only)
323
Power Meter Measurement Calibration
327
Loss of Power Meter Calibration Data
327
Interpolation in Power Meter Calibration
327
Entering the Power Sensor Calibration Data
328
Compensating for Directional Coupler Response
329
Using Sample-And-Sweep Correction Mode
330
Using Continuous Correction Mode
332
Calibrating for Noninsertable Devices
334
Adapter Removal Calibration (es Analyzers Only)
335
Matched Adapters
339
Modify the Cal Kit Thru Definition
339
Minimizing Error When Using Adapters
341
Making Non-Coaxial Measurements
342
Fixtures
342
Calibrating for Non-Coaxial Devices (es Analyzers Only)
344
TRL Error Correction
344
LRM Error Correction
347
Create a User-Defined LRM Calibration Kit
347
Perform the LRM Calibration
349
Calibrating Using Electronic Calibration (Ecal)
351
Set up the Measurement
351
Connect the Ecal Equipment
352
Select the Ecal Options
353
Perform the Calibration
355
Display the Module Information
357
Perform the Confidence Check
358
Investigating the Calibration Results Using the Ecal Service Menu
360
Adapter Removal Using Ecal (es Analyzers Only)
362
Perform the 2-Port Error Corrections
364
Determine the Electrical Delay
366
Remove the Adapter
367
Verify the Results
368
Operating Concepts
369
Using this Chapter
370
Where to Find more Information
370
System Operation
371
The Built-In Synthesized Source
372
The Built-In Test Set
372
The Receiver Block
372
The Microprocessor
373
Required Peripheral Equipment
373
Processing
374
Processing Details
375
Output Power
378
Understanding the Power Ranges
378
Power Coupling Options
379
Sweep Time
380
Manual Sweep Time Mode
380
Auto Sweep Time Mode
380
Minimum Sweep Time
380
Source Attenuator Switch Protection
382
Allowing Repetitive Switching of the Attenuator
382
Channel Stimulus Coupling
383
Sweep Types
384
Linear Frequency Sweep (Hz)
384
Logarithmic Frequency Sweep (Hz)
384
Stepped List Frequency Sweep (Hz)
384
Swept List Frequency Sweep (Hz)
386
Power Sweep (Dbm)
387
CW Time Sweep (Seconds)
388
Selecting Sweep Modes
388
S-Parameters
389
Understanding S-Parameters
389
The S-Parameter Menu
391
Analyzer Display Formats
393
Log Magnitude Format
393
Phase Format
394
Group Delay Format
395
Smith Chart Format
396
Polar Format
397
Linear Magnitude Format
398
SWR Format
399
Real Format
399
Imaginary Format
400
Group Delay Principles
400
Electrical Delay
403
Noise Reduction Techniques
404
Averaging
404
Smoothing
405
IF Bandwidth Reduction
405
Measurement Calibration
407
What Is Accuracy Enhancement
407
What Causes Measurement Errors
407
Characterizing Microwave Systematic Errors
410
How Effective Is Accuracy Enhancement
420
Calibration Routines
423
Response Calibration
423
Response and Isolation Calibration
423
Enhanced Response Calibration
423
S11 and S22 One-Port Calibration
424
Full Two-Port Calibration (es Models Only)
424
TRL*/LRM* Two-Port Calibration
424
E-Cal
424
Modifying Calibration Kits
425
Definitions
425
Procedure
426
Modify Calibration Kit Menu
426
Verify Performance
433
Saving Modified Calibration Kits to a Disk
433
Modifying and Saving a Calibration Kit from the Calibration Kit Selection Menu
433
TRL*/LRM* Calibration (es Models Only)
434
Why Use TRL Calibration
434
TRL Terminology
434
How TRL*/LRM* Calibration Works
435
Improving Raw Source Match and Load Match for TRL*/LRM* Calibration
437
The TRL Calibration Procedure
438
GPIB Operation
444
Local Key
444
GPIB STATUS Indicators
445
System Controller Mode
445
Talker/Listener Mode
445
Pass Control Mode
445
Address Menu
445
Using the Parallel Port
446
Limit Line Operation
447
Edit Limits Menu
448
Edit Segment Menu
448
Offset Limits Menu
448
Knowing the Instrument Modes
449
Network Analyzer Mode
449
External Source Mode
449
Tuned Receiver Mode
451
Frequency Offset Operation
452
Harmonic Operation (Option 002 Only)
453
Differences between 8753 Network Analyzers
455
Safety and Regulatory Information
459
General Information
460
Maintenance
460
Assistance
460
Shipment for Service
460
Safety Symbols
462
Instrument Markings
462
Safety Considerations
463
Safety Earth Ground
463
Before Applying Power
463
Servicing
464
General
465
Compliance with German FTZ Emissions Requirements
466
Compliance with German Noise Requirements
466
Declaration of Conformity
467
Other manuals for Agilent Technologies 8720ES
Service Guide
617 pages
Product Notes
12 pages
Programmer's Guide
541 pages
Reference Guide
263 pages
Configuration Guide
16 pages
Installation And Quick Start Guide
62 pages
Manual Supplement
164 pages
4
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Agilent Technologies 8720ES Specifications
General
Brand
Agilent Technologies
Model
8720ES
Category
Measuring Instruments
Language
English
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