7- 2
Operating Concepts
Using This Chapter
Using This Chapter
This chapter provides conceptual information on how specific functions of the network analyzer operate.
The following topics are discussed:
• “System Operation” on page 7-3
• “Processing” on page 7-6
• “Output Power” on page 7-10
• “Sweep Time” on page 7-12
• “Source Attenuator Switch Protection” on page 7-14
• “Channel Stimulus Coupling” on page 7-15
• “Sweep Types” on page 7-16
• “S-Parameters” on page 7-21
• “Analyzer Display Formats” on page 7-25
• “Electrical Delay” on page 7-35
• “Noise Reduction Techniques” on page 7-36
• “Measurement Calibration” on page 7-39
• “Calibration Routines” on page 7-55
• “Modifying Calibration Kits” on page 7-57
• “TRL*/LRM* Calibration (ES Models Only)” on page 7-66
• “GPIB Operation” on page 7-76
• “Limit Line Operation” on page 7-79
• “Knowing the Instrument Modes” on page 7-81
Where to Find More Information
• Operation concepts relating to mixer measurements and time domain measurements can be found in
Chapter 2 , "Making Mixer Measurements" and Chapter 3 , “Making Time Domain Measurements.”
• Descriptions of all instrument functions are located in the “Hardkey/Softkey Reference” chapter of the
reference guide.
• Procedures for using instrument functions, making measurements, recording measurement results, and
performing calibrations are located in
Chapter 1 , "Making Measurements" and Chapter 6 , “Calibrating
for Increased Measurement Accuracy.”
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