Quantification with M-Quant 
M4 TORNADO
 
157
 
Step  Description 
Correction of calculated intensities 
The calculated intensities are corrected by 
correction factors that need to be available 
as functions of energy. 
Calculation of spectrum  A spectrum is calculated based on the 
corrected intensities. Here it is possible to 
consider also detector effects (Escape, 
incomplete charge collection). 
The spectrum is calculated by a full 
pattern fitting. That considers the influence 
of absorption edges to intensity ratios. 
Spectrum comparison  The calculated and measured spectra are 
compared based on Chi²-values.  
If the convergence is not sufficient new 
concentrations are calculated and with this 
the complete loop is repeated. For next 
loops the convergence is checked for 
changes of concentrations. 
If the convergence is satisfying the 
concentrations are used as results. 
Further uncertainties are calculated by 
consideration of 
  Counting statistics 
  Fundamental parameters uncertainty 
  Peak overlap and shape uncertainty 
The quantification result than can be 
presented with uncertainties. 
1) Horst Ebel, X-ray Tube Spectra, X-ray Spectrometry, 28, 255-266 (1999)