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Keithley 6485 User Manual

Keithley 6485
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Model 6485 Picoammeter Instruction Manual IEEE-488 and SCPI Conformance Information G-7
Trigger-on-talk
Trigger-on-talk functionality has been added for the 488.1 protocol. If a query has not
been received by the instrument, the 6485 will automatically assume a READ? command
has been sent when it is addressed to talk. This technique increases GPIB speed by
decreasing the transmission and parser times for the command.
Trigger-on-talk is extremely useful in the single-shot reading mode (*RST default) and is
the main reason for a >2x speed improvement over the SCPI protocol.
The ARM:SOUR BUS and ARM:COUN INF commands are not supported by READ?
with the 488.1 protocol selected. If you send one of these commands, a DCL or IFC may
be required to reset the GPIB.
Message available
The MAV (message available) bit in the Serial Poll byte will be set when the query is n-
ished being processed, not when there is data available in the output buffer (as with the
SCPI protocol). For the 488.1 protocol, output data will not be formatted until the rst
request for data is received. This delay may cause unexpected time-outs when using SRQ
on MAV for queries that take a long time to execute.
General operation notes
The TALK, LSTN, and SRQ annunciators are not functional in the 488.1 protocol.
This speeds up data throughput greatly. The REM annunciator still operates since it
is critical to fundamental GPIB operation.
If the unit is in REMote, the GTL command may not put the 6485 into the local
mode. Only the front panel LOCAL key is guaranteed to operate, if not in local
lockout (LLO). GTL will still disable LLO.
IEEE-488 bus commands and features (GET, IFC, SDC, DCL, LLO, Serial Poll,
and SRQ) are still fully supported.
Multiple TALKs on the same query are supported as in the SCPI protocol. This fea-
ture is useful when reading back long ASCII strings.
SRQ when buffer lls with 200 readings
The following QuickBasic program (Figure G-2) will store 200 readings in the buffer.
When the buffer lls to the set amount (200 readings), an SRQ will occur and a message
will be displayed on the computer to indicate the event.

Table of Contents

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Keithley 6485 Specifications

General IconGeneral
ModelKeithley 6485
CategoryPicoammeter
Input Impedance>10^14 Ohms
Voltage Burden<200µV
Accuracy0.4% of reading
Voltage Source RangeNot Applicable
Voltage Source ResolutionNot Applicable
Voltage Source AccuracyNot Applicable
InterfaceIEEE-488
Power Requirements100V to 240V AC, 50/60Hz
Dimensions89 mm high x 214 mm wide x 369 mm deep (3.5 in x 8.4 in x 14.5 in)

Summary

Warranty

Limitation of Warranty

Details the scope and exclusions of the product warranty, including limitations on liability for damages.

Safety Precautions

1 Getting Started

Introduction

Provides a description of the Model 6485 Picoammeter and the manual's content.

Overview of this manual

Outlines the structure and content of the instruction manual for the Model 6485.

General information

Covers warranty, contact details, safety symbols, and unpacking/inspection procedures.

Features

Summarizes the key features and capabilities of the Model 6485 Picoammeter.

Front and rear panel familiarization

Familiarizes users with the controls, connectors, and display of the instrument.

Power-up

Details the line power connection, voltage settings, fuse replacement, and power-up sequence.

Default settings

Explains the instrument's setup configurations including factory, user-defined, and bus defaults.

SCPI programming

Describes how SCPI commands are presented and used within the manual.

2 Measurement Concepts

Measurement overview

Details the basic measurement capabilities and ranges of the Model 6485.

Performance considerations

Covers factors affecting performance like warm-up period and autozero.

Connection fundamentals

Provides fundamental information on input connections and test circuits.

Zero check and zero correct

Explains operation and importance of zero check and zero correct features.

Measurement considerations

Summarizes factors influencing low-level measurements like noise and shielding.

4 Range, Units, Digits, Rate, and Filters

Range, units, and digits

Details measurement range, reading units, and display resolution selection.

Rate

Provides details on reading rate selection and SCPI commands.

Filters

Explains configuration and control of digital and median filters.

6 Buffer

Buffer operations

Explains how to store, recall readings, and use buffer statistics.

SCPI programming

Covers SCPI commands for controlling buffer operations.

7 Triggering

Trigger models

Explains trigger model components and front panel configuration.

SCPI programming

Includes commands to configure the trigger model and control measurements.

External triggering

Describes external triggering for instrument interaction and synchronization.

8 Limit Tests

Limit testing

Explains basic Limit 1 and Limit 2 testing operations and pass band relationships.

Front panel operation

Details how to configure and run limit tests from the front panel.

SCPI programming

Covers SCPI commands for remote operation of limit tests.

9 Remote Operation

Selecting and configuring an interface

Explains how to select and configure GPIB or RS-232 interfaces.

GPIB operation and reference

Covers GPIB bus standards, connections, commands, and front panel operation.

RS-232 interface reference

Provides reference information for RS-232 interface and connections.

10 Status Structure

Overview

Provides an operational overview of the status structure for Model 6485.

Clearing registers and queues

Details actions to clear (reset) registers and queues.

Programming and reading registers

Explains how to program enable registers and read status registers.

Status byte and service request (SRQ)

Explains programming the status byte for service requests (SRQs).

Status register sets

Provides bit identification and command info for status registers.

Queues

Details command info on output queue and error queue.

11 Common Commands

Common Commands

Lists and defines common device commands designated by the IEEE-488.2 standard.

12 SCPI Signal Oriented Measurement Commands

The signal oriented measurement commands

Explains high-level commands to control measurement process and acquire readings.

13 DISPlay, FORMat, and SYSTem

DISPlay subsystem

Covers SCPI commands for controlling the instrument's display.

FORMat subsystem

Covers SCPI commands for configuring data transfer format over the bus.

SYSTem subsystem

Covers miscellaneous SCPI commands for system control.

14 SCPI Reference Tables

General notes

Provides general notes on SCPI syntax, parameters, and command confirmation.

15 Performance Verification

Verification test requirements

Summarizes environmental, warm-up, and line power requirements for verification.

Recommended test equipment

Lists necessary equipment for verification with pertinent specifications.

Verification limits

Describes calculation of reading limits and provides examples.

Calibrator voltage calculations

Details methods for calculating calibrator voltages for specific ranges.

Performing the verification test procedures

Summarizes test considerations and restoring factory defaults.

Offset voltage calibration

Lists steps to null voltage offset before performing verification.

Current measurement accuracy

Details steps for verifying current measurement accuracy across ranges.

16 Calibration

Introduction

Guides users through front panel calibration procedures using test equipment.

Environmental conditions

Specifies temperature and humidity requirements for calibration.

Calibration considerations

Lists factors to consider when performing calibration procedures.

Calibration cycle

States the recommended frequency for unit calibration.

Recommended calibration equipment

Lists necessary equipment for calibration and its specifications.

Calibration errors

Discusses potential error messages that may occur during calibration.

Calibration menu

Describes the selections available within the calibration menu.

Aborting calibration

Provides instructions on how to halt the calibration procedure at any time.

Current calculations

Details calculating currents from calibrator voltages and standard resistors.

Calibration procedure

Provides step-by-step procedures for calibrating current ranges.

Calibration support

Explains changing, resetting calibration code, and viewing dates/counts.

17 Routine Maintenance

Setting line voltage and replacing line fuse

Describes how to set line voltage and replace the line fuse correctly.

Front panel tests

Covers testing the functionality of front panel keys and the display.

A Specifications

6485 Picoammeter Specifications

Provides detailed technical specifications for the Model 6485 Picoammeter.

B Status and Error Messages

Status and error messages

Lists and describes various status and error messages encountered during operation.

C General Measurement Considerations

Measurement considerations

Covers general considerations for all precision measurements.

Ground loops

Explains how ground loops create error signals and how to prevent them.

Triboelectric effects

Describes triboelectric currents and methods to minimize them.

Piezoelectric and stored charge effects

Explains piezoelectric currents and how to manage mechanical stress.

Electrochemical effects

Discusses error currents from electrochemical effects and humidity impact.

Humidity

Explains how humidity affects insulation resistance and measurement accuracy.

Light

Discusses testing light-sensitive components in a light-free environment.

Electrostatic interference

Explains electrostatic interference and how it causes unstable readings.

Magnetic fields

Discusses how magnetic fields generate EMF and how to minimize them.

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

Covers EMI characteristics and precautions for sensitive measurements.

D DDC Emulation Commands

DDC language

Explains Device-Dependent Commands (DDC) for Model 6485 via IEEE-488 bus.

E Example Programs

Programming examples

Provides example programs (pseudo-code) for achieving speed specifications.

F IEEE-488 Bus Overview

Introduction

Introduces the IEEE-488 bus as a communication system for electronic devices.

Bus description

Describes the IEEE-488 bus structure, lines, and device operation categories.

Bus lines

Details the categories of signal lines: data, management, and handshake.

Bus commands

Explains uniline, multiline, common, and SCPI bus commands.

G IEEE-488 and SCPI Conformance Information

Introduction

Summarizes IEEE-488.2 standard requirements and SCPI version compliance.

GPIB 488.1 Protocol

Discusses the 488.1 protocol for increased GPIB speed and its differences with SCPI.

Selecting the 488.1 protocol

Provides steps to select the 488.1 protocol for remote GPIB control.

H Remote Calibration

Calibration commands

Summarizes commands necessary for calibrating the Model 6485 remotely.

Remote calibration overview

Provides an overview of the basic procedure for remote calibration.

I Applications Guide

Measurement considerations

Covers measurement considerations for low current measurements.

Applications

Covers applications like diode leakage, capacitor leakage, and high resistance measurements.

Leakage currents and guarding

Explains leakage currents and the use of guarding to improve accuracy.

Input bias current

Discusses input bias current and its effect on low current measurements.

Voltage burden

Explains voltage burden and its impact on measurement accuracy.

Voltage offset correction procedure

Details the procedure for performing and saving voltage offset correction.

Noise and source impedance

Discusses how source resistance and capacitance affect noise performance.

Electrostatic interference and shielding

Covers electrostatic interference and methods for minimizing it.

Shielding vs. Guarding

Compares shielding and guarding techniques for high impedance circuits.

Making connections

Provides guidance on making proper connections to avoid measurement errors.

Typical range change transients

Illustrates voltage transients that occur during picoammeter range changes.

Up-range input response

Describes transient voltages expected during up-ranging with input signals.

Down-range voltage transients are smaller

Compares down-range transients to up-range transients and notes differences.

Steps to minimize impact of range change transients

Provides methods to minimize impact of range change transients.

Zero check on / off response

Explains the transient response when changing zero check mode.

Diode leakage current

Shows how to measure leakage current for a diode using an external voltage source.

Capacitor leakage current

Describes measuring capacitor leakage current dependent on dielectric and voltage.

Measuring high resistance with external bias source

Covers high resistance measurements using an external voltage source.

Cable insulation resistance

Explains measuring cable insulation resistance using source voltage and current.

Surface insulation resistance (SIR)

Describes measuring insulation resistance between PC board traces using a test pattern.

Photodiode characterization prior to dicing

Details characterizing photodiode leakage under various illumination conditions.

Focused ion beam applications

Explains use in nanometer-scale imaging, machining, and mapping in semiconductor industry.

Using switching systems to measure multiple current sources

Refers to external trigger example for measuring multiple current sources.

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