are not present. Acquiring data from multiple orientations may avoid artifacts
of this type.
Fetal limb deficit artifacts are specific to 3D volume images. Partially absent
fetal limb bones have been demonstrated. One explanation for the missing limbs
was shadowing caused by adjacent skeletal structures. Overcoming the limb
deficit artifact can be accomplished by changing the transducer position and the
acquisition plane.
Motion artifacts in 3D volumes can be caused by patient motion, fetal
movement, cardiac motion, and movement of adjacent structures. Patient motion
can produce flash artifacts that are more obvious in 3D images than in 2D imaging.
Pseudoclefting and pseudonarrowing artifacts may be related to limb
deficit artifacts. Artifacts may be present in 3D imaging of the fetal face. Being
aware of pseudoclefting of the fetal face and pseudonarrowing of the fetal spine
can help the sonographer understand and identify these artifacts. As with 2D
imaging, it is important to verify putative physical defects by using additional
images and other modalities.
Resolution, attenuation, and propagation artifacts are all common to 3D
imaging. Careful scrutiny of the original 2D images is necessary to identify and
preclude these types of artifacts from the 3D volume image.
Transducer Covers
To prevent contamination by blood-borne pathogens, sterile transducer covers
are required for intraoperative and biopsy procedures; in China, sterile covers
are also required for transrectal, intravaginal, and transesophageal procedures.
Protective covers are recommended for transrectal, intravaginal, and
transesophageal procedures; the protective covers are mandatory in China and
Japan. Philips recommends the use of qualified covers.
For procedures for using transducer covers, see the instructions provided with
the covers.
iE33 User Manual
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Transducers
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