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2701
Keithley 2701 User Manual
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3-14
Basic
DMM
Operation
Model 2701 User’s Manual
Figure 3-5
ACV measurements – square, pulse, and sawtooth waves
AC coupled RMS:
V
P
0
V
P
CF = 1
Square
V
RMS
=
V
P
0
-V
P
Rectified square
AC coupled RMS:
V
P
2
V
RMS
=
CF = 2
V
P
0
Pulse
t
T
V
RMS
=
V
P
where; D (duty cycle) =
D(1-D)
t
T
D(1-D)
1
CF =
AC coupled RMS:
0
AC coupled pulse
AC coupled peak:
CF =
+V
-V
+V = V
P
(1-D)
-V = -V
P
D
V
P
0
T
riangular sawtooth
-V
P
RMS:
V
RMS
= 0.557V
P
CF = 1.733
Crest factor:
V
P
When; 0
<
D
≤
0.5:
When; 0.5
≤
D
<
1:
1
1-D
- 1
1
D
- 1
CF =
117
119
Table of Contents
Default Chapter
7
Table of Contents
7
Getting Started
25
General Information
26
Warranty Information
26
Contact Information
26
Safety Symbols and Terms
27
Inspection
27
Battery
28
Options and Accessories
28
Model 2701 Features
31
Plug-In Switching Modules
32
Pseudocards
32
Identifying Installed Switching Modules
32
Getting Started
32
Table 1-1 Model 77Xx Series Switching Modules
33
Front and Rear Panel Familiarization
35
Front Panel Summary
35
Rear Panel Summary
38
Figure 1-2 Model 2701 Rear Panel
38
Power-Up
40
Line Power Connection
40
Line Frequency
41
Setting Line Voltage and Replacing Fuse
41
Figure 1-3 Power Module
41
Power-Up Sequence
42
Table 1-2 Fuse Ratings
42
Keyclick
44
Display
44
Status and Error Messages
44
Remote Programming - Display
44
Table 1-3 Display Commands
45
Defaults and User Setups
46
Saving and Restoring Setups
46
Table 1-4 Default Settings
49
Remote Programming - Default and User Setups
51
Remote Programming Information
52
Quick Start Exercises
53
Basic DMM Measurements - Front Panel Inputs
54
Table 1-6 Exercise 1—Measure AC Volts - Store Readings in Buffer
55
Closing and Opening Channels - System Channel Operation
56
Figure 1-6 Front Panel Keys to Close and Open System Channels
58
Table 1-7 Exercise 2 — Close and Open Channels (System Channel Operation)
59
Simple Scanning
60
Figure 1-7 Simple Scan Operation
61
Table 1-8 Exercise 3 — Simple Scanning
62
Trigger and Return Readings - Remote Programming
63
Figure 1-8 Exercise 4 — Trigger and Return a Single Reading
64
Figure 1-9 Exercise 5 — Trigger and Return Multiple Readings
65
Closing and Opening Switching Module Channels
67
Close/Open Overview
68
Switching Module Installation and Connections
70
Module Installation
70
Connections
71
Pseudocards
72
Channel Assignments
72
System Channel Operation
73
2-Wire Functions
74
4-Wire Functions (Paired Channels)
75
Controlling the System Channel
76
Figure 2-4 System Channel Operation — Specifying Measurement Channel to Close
77
Figure 2-5 System Channel Operation — Opening All Channels in Mainframe
78
Table 2-1 System Channel Control Commands
79
Non-Amp and Non-Measure Switching Modules
80
Multiple Channel Operation
82
Controlling Multiple Channels
83
Figure 2-6 Multiple Channel Operation — Specifying a Channel to Close
84
Figure 2-7 Multiple Channel Operation — Opening One or All Channels
85
Table 2-2 Multiple Channel Control Commands
86
Multiple Channel Operation Anomalies
88
Dual Independent Multiplexers
90
Figure 2-8 Dual Multiplexer Configuration (Model 7700)
91
Figure 2-9 Dual Multiplexer Application Connections
93
Figure 2-10 Testing DUT
94
Identifying Installed Modules and Viewing Closed Channels
96
CARD Menu
96
Figure 2-11 CARD Menu Tree
97
Switching Module Queries (Remote Operation)
98
Relay Closure Count
100
Reading Relay Closure Count
101
Setting Count Update Interval
101
Model 7700 Switching Module
102
Switching Module Capabilities
102
Schematic Diagram
103
Figure 2-12 Model 7700 Simplified Schematic
104
Basic DMM Operation
105
DMM Measurement Capabilities
106
High Energy Circuit Safety Precautions
107
Performance Considerations
108
Warm-Up
108
Autozero
108
LSYNC (Line Cycle Synchronization)
109
Remote Programming - Autozero and LSYNC
110
Channel List Parameter (<Clist>)
111
Voltage Measurements (DCV and ACV)
112
DCV Input Divider
112
Connections
112
Figure 3-2 DCV and ACV Connections Using Front Panel Inputs
113
Figure 3-3 DCV and ACV Connections Using Model 7700 Switching Module
114
Volts Measurement Procedure
115
AC Voltage Measurements and Crest Factor
116
Figure 3-4 ACV Measurements - Sine Waves
117
Figure 3-5 ACV Measurements - Square, Pulse, and Sawtooth Waves
118
Low Level Considerations
119
Current Measurements (DCI and ACI)
121
Connections
121
Amps Measurement Procedure
122
AMPS Fuse Replacement (Front Panel AMPS Input)
123
Resistance Measurements (Ω2 and Ω4)
124
Connections
124
Figure 3-8 Ω2 and Ω4 Connections for Front Panel Inputs
125
Figure 3-9 Ω2 and Ω4 Connections for Model 7700 Switching Module
126
Standard Resistance Measurements
127
Offset-Compensated Ohms
128
Measurement Methods
129
Figure 3-12 Open Ohms Test Lead Detection
135
4-Wire Common-Side (CSID) Ohms Measurements (7701 Module)
136
Temperature Measurements
137
Thermocouples
137
Thermistors
140
4-Wire Rtds
141
Connections
142
Figure 3-14 Thermocouple Connections
143
Table 3-2 Color Codes — Thermocouple Wires
144
Figure 3-15 Thermistor Connections
145
Temperature Measurement Configuration
146
Table 3-5 RTD Parameters
148
Temperature Measurement Procedure
149
Frequency and Period Measurements
150
Trigger Level
150
Gate Time
150
Connections
151
Frequency and Period Measurement Procedure
152
Continuity Testing
152
Connections
153
Continuity Testing Procedure
154
Remote Programming for Basic Measurements
155
Basic Measurement Commands
155
Table 3-7 Basic Measurement Commands
156
Basic Measurement Programming Examples
161
Measurement Queries
162
Fetch
162
Read
163
Measure[:<Function>]
164
[:Sense[1]]:Data:fresh
164
[:Sense[1]]:Data[:Latest]
165
Examples
165
Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter Range
167
Measurement Ranges and Maximum Readings
168
Range
168
Manual Ranging
169
Auto Ranging
169
Scanning
169
4 Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter
170
Remote Programming - Range
170
Table 4-2 Range Commands
170
Digits
172
Scanning
172
Remote Programming - Digits
172
Table 4-3 Digits Commands
173
Rate and Bandwidth
174
Rate
174
Table 4-4 Rate and Bandwidth Settings
175
Bandwidth
176
Scanning
176
Remote Programming - Rate and Bandwidth
177
Table 4-5 Rate and Bandwidth Commands
177
Filter
180
Filter Characteristics
180
Figure 4-2 Moving and Repeating Filters
181
Figure 4-3 Filter Window
183
Figure 4-4 Filter Configuration Flow Chart
185
Remote Programming - Filter
186
Table 4-6 Filter Commands
186
Relative, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, and Db Relative
189
Basic Operation
190
Relative
190
5 Relative, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, and Db
192
Remote Programming - Rel
192
Table 5-1 Rel Commands
192
Math
195
MX+B
196
Percent
197
Reciprocal (1/X)
198
Basic Operation
199
Remote Programming - Math
200
Table 5-2 Math Commands
200
Ratio and Channel Average
203
Basic Operation
204
Remote Programming - Ratio and Channel Average
206
Remote Programming - Db
208
Table 5-4 Db Commands
209
Buffer
211
Buffer Overview
212
Front Panel Buffer
212
Auto Clear
212
Timestamps
214
Storing Readings
215
Recalling Readings
216
Buffer Statistics
217
Remote Programming - Buffer
218
Buffer Commands
218
6 Buffer
219
Table 6-1 Buffer Commands
219
Programming Example
225
Scanning
227
Scanning Fundamentals
228
Channel Assignments
229
Sequential and Non-Sequential Scans
229
Scan Process
230
Trigger Models
230
Figure 7-1 Trigger Model with STEP Function
231
Figure 7-2 Trigger Model with SCAN Function
232
Scan Configuration
237
Scan Reset
239
Simple Scan
239
Advanced Scan
240
Setting Delay
244
Monitor Channel
244
Auto Channel Configuration
246
Saving Setup
247
Auto Scan
247
Scan Operation
247
Basic Scan
248
Manual/External Trigger Scan
249
Monitor Scan (Analog Trigger)
250
Remote Programming - Scanning
252
Trigger Model
252
Channel Setup
253
Buffer
253
Scanning Commands
253
Table 7-1 Scanning Commands
254
Scanning Programming Example
258
7 Scanning
254
Scanning Examples
258
External Trigger Scan
258
Figure 7-4 External Trigger Scan Example
259
Table 7-2 External Trigger Scan Example
260
Monitor Scan
261
Figure 7-5 Monitor Scan Example
262
Table 7-3 Monitor Scan Example
263
Triggering
265
Trigger Model
266
Idle
266
Control Source and Event Detection
267
Delay (Auto or Manual)
267
Table 8-1 Auto Delay Settings
268
Device Action
269
Output Trigger
269
8 Triggering
268
Reading Hold (Autosettle)
270
Hold Example
270
8 Triggering
271
External Triggering
271
Figure 8-3 TRIG LINK Pinout
271
Digital I/O
272
External Trigger
272
Voltmeter Complete
273
External Triggering Example
274
Figure 8-6 DUT Test System
274
Figure 8-7 Trigger Link Connections
275
Figure 8-8 Operation Model for Triggering Example
276
External Triggering with BNC Connections
277
Remote Programming - Triggering
278
Trigger Model (Remote Operation)
278
Figure 8-10 Trigger Model (Remote Operation)
279
Trigger Model Operation
280
Triggering Commands
281
Programming Example
282
Limits and Digital I/O
283
9 Limits and Digital I/O
284
Limits
284
Figure 9-1 Default Limits
284
Basic Limits Operation
286
Scanning
286
Digital I/O
287
Digital Input (Trigger Link Input)
287
Figure 9-2 Digital I/O Port
287
Digital Outputs
288
Figure 9-4 Controlling Externally Powered Relays
291
Setting Digital Output
292
Figure 9-5 NAND Gate Control
292
Scanning
293
Table 9-1 OUTPUT Menu
293
9 Limits and Digital I/O
293
Remote Programing - Limits and Digital Output
294
Limits and Digital Output Commands
294
Limits and Digital Outputs Programming Example
296
Application - Sorting Resistors
296
Limits
296
Figure 9-6 Setup to Test 100Ω Resistors
297
Figure 9-7 Limits to Sort 100Ω Resistors (1%, 5%, and >5%)
298
Digital Outputs
299
Remote Operations
301
Operation Enhancements
302
Pseudocards
302
Autozero
302
Db Calculation
302
Separate Function Setups
303
DCV Input Divider
303
Multiple Channel Operation
303
System Commands
303
Interface
303
Password
304
Battery
305
Miscellaneous System Commands
306
Table 10-1 System Commands
306
10 Remote Operations
306
Ethernet Setup
307
Ethernet Standards
307
Typical Ethernet Systems
307
Figure 10-2 Small LAN System Using a Hub
308
Figure 10-3 Isolated LAN System Using Two Nics (Network Interface Cards)
309
Figure 10-4 Enterprise-Wide or Internet Network System
309
Ethernet Connections
310
Figure 10-6 Model 2701 Ethernet Connector
311
Ethernet Settings
312
Figure 10-7 Flowchart to VIEW Ethernet Settings
313
Figure 10-8 Flowchart to SET Ethernet
314
Table 10-2 System Commands for Ethernet
315
10 Remote Operations
309
Internal Web Page
316
Opening the Web Page
316
Figure 10-9 2701 Internal Web Page
318
Figure 10-10 Web Page Control Panel
319
Front Panel Aspects of Ethernet Operation
320
Error and Status Messages
320
Status Indicators
320
LOCAL Key
320
Programming Syntax
321
Command Words
321
Query Commands
323
Case Sensitivity
323
Long-Form and Short-Form Versions
323
Short-Form Rules
324
Program Messages
324
Response Messages
327
Message Exchange Protocol
327
RS-232 Interface Operation
328
Sending and Receiving Data
328
Baud Rate
328
Signal Handshaking (Flow Control)
329
Terminator
330
Selecting and Configuring RS-232 Interface
330
Table 10-3 System Commands to Configure RS-232
331
RS-232 Connections
332
Figure 10-11 RS-232 Interface Connector
332
Error Messages
333
Table 10-5 PC Serial Port Pinout
333
Status Structure
335
Overview
336
Status Byte and SRQ
336
Status Register Sets
336
Queues
336
Figure 11-1 Model 2701 Status Register Structure
337
Clearing Registers and Queues
338
11 Status Structure
339
Programming and Reading Registers
339
Programming Enable Registers
339
Figure 11-2 16-Bit Status Register
339
Reading Registers
341
Status Byte and Service Request (SRQ)
342
Status Byte Register
342
Service Request Enable Register
343
Status Byte and Service Request Commands
344
Status Register Sets
344
Register Bit Descriptions
345
Figure 11-4 Standard Event Status
345
Figure 11-5 Operation Event Status
347
Figure 11-6 Measurement Event Status
349
Condition Registers
351
Event Registers
352
Event Enable Registers
352
Table 11-6 Event Enable Registers Commands
353
Queues
356
Output Queue
356
Error Queue
356
Table 11-7 Error Queue Commands
357
Common Commands
359
12 Common Commands
360
Table 12-1 Common Commands and Queries
360
SCPI Signal Oriented Measurement Commands
367
Table 13-1 Signal Oriented Measurement Command Summary
368
Configure:<Function> [<Rang>], [<Res>], [<Clist>]
370
Fetch
372
Read
373
Measure:<Function>? [<Rang>], [<Res>], [<Clist>]
374
Format and Miscellaneous System Commands
377
Format Commands
378
Format:elements <Item List
378
Figure 14-1 ASCII Data Format
379
14 Format and Miscellaneous System Commands
379
Miscellaneous System Commands
380
System:preset
380
System:version
380
System:key <Nrf
380
System:beeper[:State] <B
381
Figure 14-2 Key-Press Codes
381
SCPI Reference Tables
383
Reference Tables
384
15 SCPI Reference Tables
385
Table 15-1 Calculate Command Summary
385
Table 15-2 Display Command Summary
387
Table 15-4 Route Command Summary
388
Table 15-5 Sense Command Summary
398
Table 15-6 Status Command Summary
401
Table 15-7 System Command Summary
402
Table 15-8 Trace Command Summary
407
Table 15-9 Trigger Command Summary
408
Table 15-10 UNIT Command Summary
409
Specifications
411
Accuracy Calculations
417
Calculating DC Characteristics Accuracy
417
Calculating AC Characteristics Accuracy
417
Calculating Dbm Characteristics Accuracy
418
Calculating Db Characteristics Accuracy
419
Additional Derating Factors
419
Optimizing Measurement Accuracy
420
DC Voltage, DC Current, and Resistance
420
AC Voltage and AC Current
420
Temperature
420
Optimizing Measurement Speed
420
Model 7700 Connection Guide
421
Card Configuration - Schematic
422
B Model 7700 Connection Guide
423
Figure B-1 Simplified Schematic for Model 7700
423
Connections and Wiring
424
Screw Terminals
424
Figure B-2 Screw Terminal Access
425
Figure B-3 Model 7700 Screw Terminal Channel Designations
425
Wiring Procedure
426
Figure B-4 Wire Dressing
427
Typical Connections
428
Figure B-5 Thermocouple Connections
428
Figure B-6 Ω2-Wire and Thermistor Connections
428
Figure B-7 Ω4-Wire and RTD Connections
429
Figure B-8 Current Connections (AC or DC)
429
Connection Log
430
Table B-1 Connection Log Model 7700
431
Status and Error Messages
433
100 C Status and Error Messages
434
Table C-1 Status and Error Messages
434
Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow
442
Signal Processing Sequence
442
Basic Signal Processing
442
Signal Processing Using Instrument Features
443
Signal Processing Using Ratio or Ch Avg
446
Data Flow (Remote Operation
447
Sense and Sample Buffer
448
[Sens[1]]:Data[Latest]
449
[Sens[1]]:Data:fresh
449
Fetch
450
Read
450
Measure
450
Calc[1]:Data[Latest
450
Calc[1]:Data:fresh
450
Calc3:Lim1:Fail
451
Calc3:Lim2:Fail
451
Trace:data
451
Calc2:IMM
452
Calc2:Data
452
Continuous Measurement Mode
452
Scanning
453
Measurement Considerations
455
Thermoelectric Potentials
456
Measurement Considerations
456
Thermoelectric Generation
457
Minimizing Thermal Emfs
458
Source Resistance Noise
459
Magnetic Fields
460
Radio Frequency Interference
460
Ground Loops
460
E Measurement Considerations
461
Figure E-2 Power Line Ground Loops
461
Figure E-3 Eliminating Ground Loops
461
Shielding
462
Figure E-4 Shielding Example
462
Meter Loading
463
Temperature Equations
465
Thermocouple Equation
466
Table F-2 Type E Inverse Function Polynomial
467
Table F-3 Type J Inverse Function Polynomial
467
Table F-6 Type S Inverse Function Polynomial
469
Table F-7 Type R Inverse Function Polynomial
469
F Temperature Equations
467
Thermistor Equation
470
RTD Equations
472
Table F-10 RTD Parameters
473
KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples
476
Introduction
476
Visual Basic and CVI (C) Examples
476
KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples
477
G KE2700 Instrument Driver Examples
478
Table G-1 Visual Basic and CVI (C) Examples
478
Table
486
Labview Examples
486
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Service Manual
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Keithley 2701 Specifications
General
Brand
Keithley
Model
2701
Category
Multimeter
Language
English
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