13
4
Quadrant
Energy Analyzer
4
Quadrant
Energy Analyzer
1.7 Four-Quadrant Represantation
The angle(Ø) between voltage and current provides us information about the direction of
energy fl w. A positive sign for active/reactive power indicates that active/reactive power
is consumed. And also a negative sign for active/reactive power indicates that active/
reactive power is generated.
Meters
Imp. Active &
Ind. Reactive
Active Power
Reactive Power
Meters
Exp. Active &
Ind. Reactive
QUADRANT -1
P => positive
Q => positive & inductive
CosØ => inductive
PF => positive
QUADRANT -2
P => negative
Q => positive & capacitive
CosØ => capacitive
PF => negative
Meters
Imp. Active &
Cap. Reactive
Meters
Exp. Active &
Cap. Reactive
QUADRANT -4
P => positive
Q => negative & capacitive
CosØ => capacitive
PF => positive
QUADRANT -3
P => negative
Q => negative & inductive
CosØ => inductive
PF => negative
S
P
Q
Fig. 1-2 Four-Quadrant Representation
NOTE: If the signs of active and reactive power are examined, it can be defined the
quadrant that Klea measures.
E.g.;
P= +10kWh,Q= +5kVAr => Quadrant-1
P= -10kWh, Q= +5VAr => Quadrant-2
P= -10kWh, Q= -5kWh => Quadrant-3
P= +10kWh,Q=-5kWh => Quadrant-4
SECTION 1 GENERAL INFORMATION
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