ENGINEERING MANUAL OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL
GENERAL ENGINEERING DATA
481
ENTHALPY
Btu per lb of dry air x 2.3258 = kJ/kg of dry air
kJ/kg of dry air x 0.42996 = Btu per lb of dry air
FORCE
Table 17. Force Conversion Multipliers.
EXAMPLE:
15 lbf x 4.448 = 66.72 newtons
TORQUE
Table 18. Torque Conversion Multipliers.
EXAMPLE:
25 lbf-in. x 0.1130 = 2.83 ne wton meter
DENSITY
Table 19. Density Conversion Multipliers.
EXAMPLE:
8 pounds per cubic foot x 16.0185 = 128.15 kilograms per cubic meter
Desired Unit
Existing Unit Pound force (lbf) Gram force (gf) Kilogram force (kgf) Newton (N)
Pound force (lbf) — 453.6 0.4536 4.447
Gram force (gf) 0.0022 — 0.001 0.009807
Kilogram force (kgf) 2.2046 1000 — 9.807
Newton (N) 0.22487 101.97 0.10197 —
Desired Unit
Existing Unit
Kilogram Force
Meter
(kgf-m)
Ounce Force
Inch
(ozf-in.)
a
Pound Force
Foot
(lbf-ft)
a
Pound Force
Inch
(lbf-in.)
a
Newton Meter
(Nm)
Kilogram Force Meter (kgf-m) — 1388.7 7.2329 86.795 9.8067
Ounce Force Inch (Ozf-in.)
a
0.00072 — 0.00521 0.0625 0.0070618
Pound Force Foot (lbf-ft)
a
0.138257 192.0 — 12.0 1.3557
Pound Force Inch (lbf-in.)
a
0.01152 16.0 0.0833 — 0.1130
Newton Meter (Nm) 0.10197 141.61 0.7376 8.850 —
a
Torque is a turning effort caused by a force acting normal to a radius at a set distance from the axis of rotation. The I-P unit
of torque is pound-foot (lbf-ft) or ounce-inch (Ozf-in.). One lbf-ft is equal to one pound acting at one foot from the axis of
rotation. See WORK/ENERGY for foot-pound.
Desired Unit
Existing Unit
Pounds per
cubic foot
(lb/ft
3
)
Pounds per
gallon
(lb/gal)
Grams per cubic
centimeter
(g/cm
3
)
Kilograms per
cubic meter
(kg/m
3
)
Pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft
3
)—0.13368 0.016018 16.0185
Pounds per gallon (lb/gal) 7.48055 — 0.119827 119.827
Grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm
3
) 62.428 8.34538 — 1000
Kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m
3
) 0.062428 0.008345 0.001 —
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