Contents ix
Lenses for Area Coverage 262
Changing Perspective 263
Selective Backgrounds 265
Effective Wide Angle Photography 266
Correcting Verticals 267
Effective Fish-eye Images 268
Using the Zoom Lens for Creative Purposes 270
15 ACHIEVING PERFECT EXPOSURES IN DIGITAL AND FILM PHOTOGRAPHY 273
Determining Exposure in Digital Imaging 273
Deciding on the Metering Method 274
Metering Modes 275
Metering Approaches with Built-in and Refl ected Exposure Meters 278
Lighted and Shaded Areas 283
Exposing Digital Images 283
Using Different Metering Systems 285
Bracketing 288
Exposure with Filters and Close-up Accessories 288
The Hasselblad Metering Systems 289
16 CONTROLS FOR CREATING EFFECTIVE IMAGES ON FILM OR DIGITALLY 299
Aperture Control 299
Controls for Creating Images 301
Depth-of-fi eld 302
Photographing Groups 308
Background Sharpness 309
Creative Use of the Lens Aperture 310
Selection of Shutter Speed 312
Aperture and Shutter Speed Operation 316
17 UNDERSTANDING LIGHT AND FILTERS 317
Filters in Digital Imaging 317
Reasons for Using Filters 318
Partial Filtering 319
Polarizing Filters 321
The Color Quality of Light 324
Exposure Increase 326
Polarizing Filters Over Light Sources 326
Quality of Filters 328
Soft Focus Effects 330
Visible and Invisible Light 331
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