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Keysight EXG and MXG X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide 195

Basic Digital Operation for N5172B/82B with Options 653/655/656/657

Clipping a Waveform

How Power Peaks Cause Spectral Regrowth

In a waveform, high power peaks that occur infrequently cause the waveform to have a high peak–

to–average power ratio, as illustrated in the following figure.

Because the gain of a transmitter’s power amplifier is set to provide a specific average power, high

peaks can cause the power amplifier to move toward saturation. This causes the intermodulation

distortion that generates spectral regrowth. Spectral regrowth is a range of frequencies that

develops on each side of the carrier (similar to sidebands) and extends into the adjacent frequency

bands (see the following figure). Clipping provides a solution to this problem by reducing the peak–

to–average power ratio.

Default Chapter5
- Table of Contents5
Models, Options, and Front/Rear Panels for All Models19
- Models of EXG and MXG X-Series Signal Generators20
- N5171B/N5181B RF Analog Signal Generators, Options and Features21
  - Analog Modulation21
  - General Performance Features22
- N5172B/N5182B RF Vector Signal Generators, Options and Features24
- N5173B/N5183B Microwave Analog Signal Generators, Options and Features31
  - Analog Modulation31
  - General Performance Features33
- Front Panel Overview34
- Front Panel Display38
Contents40
- Rear Panel Overview (N5171B, N5172B, N5181B, & N5182B)41
- Rear Panel Overview (N5173B & N5183B)50
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options for All Models55
- How to Set User Preferences56
- How to Upgrade Firmware61
- How to Set Remote Operation Preferences61
- How to Enable an Option67
  - Viewing Options and Licenses67
- Hardware Assembly Installation and Removal Softkeys68
Modes of Operation for All Models69
- Modes of Operation70
Front Panel Operation for All Models73
- Returning to a Known State with the Preset Key74
- Viewing Key Descriptions with the Help Key74
- Entering/Editing Numbers and Text with Number and Arrow Keys75
- Setting Frequency and Amplitude with FREQ and AMPTD Keys77
  - Example: Configuring a 700 Mhz, −20 Dbm Continuous Wave Output78
  - Using an External Reference Oscillator78
- Setting ALC Bandwidth Control with Amplitude Softkeys79
- Using Swept Signal Mode (Configuring a Swept Output)80
- Using Analog Modulation on the RF Carrier Signal (Option UNT)88
  - Example88
  - Simultaneous Modulation89
- Working with Files (Viewing/Storing/Loading/Moving)90
Contents102
- Reading Error Messages102
  - Error Message Format102
Optimizing Performance for All Models103
- Using the Dual Power Meter Display (with USB U2000A Series Power Sensors)104
  - Example: Dual Power Meter Calibration106
- Using the USB Pass through Commands111
  - Procedure111
- Using the Power Meter Servo113
  - Power Meter Servo Configuration114
  - Example115
- Using Flatness Correction116
- Using Internal Channel Correction (N5172B/82B Only)125
  - Configure Internal Channel Correction128
  - Perform Enhanced Factory Calibration128
- Using I/Q Mod Skew Cal129
- Using External Leveling (N5173B/83B Only)132
  - Option 1E1 Output Attenuator Behavior and Use135
  - Configure External Leveling135
- Using Unleveled Operating Modes139
  - ALC off Mode139
  - Power Search Mode140
- Using an Output Offset, Reference, or Multiplier143
- Using the Frequency and Phase Reference Softkeys146
- Using Free Run, Step Dwell, and Timer Trigger147
  - Understanding Free Run, Step Dwell, and Timer Trigger Setup147
- Using Filters (N5162A and N5182A Only)148
- Using a USB Keyboard152
- N5171B/72B/73B EXG and N5181B/82B/83B MXG153
- And Familiarize153
Using Pulse Modulation for All Models with Options UNU, UNW153
- Pulse Characteristics155
- The Basic Procedure157
- Example158
- Pulse Train (Option 320 - Requires: Option UNW)159
Basic Digital Operation for N5172B/82B-No BBG Option Installed165
- I/Q Modulation166
  - Configuring the Front Panel Inputs167
Basic Digital Operation for N5172B/82B with Options169
- Waveform Files (Segments and Sequences)171
  - Signal Generator Memory (Volatile and Non-Volatile)171
  - Using Dual ARB Softkeys172
- Storing, Loading, and Playing a Waveform Segment173
- Waveform Sequence Softkeys176
- Saving a Waveform's Settings & Parameters181
  - Viewing and Modifying File Header Information183
  - Viewing & Editing a File Header Without Selecting the Waveform185
- Using Waveform Markers187
- Triggering a Waveform203
- Clipping a Waveform210
- Scaling a Waveform219
- Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset225
  - DAC Over-Range Conditions and Scaling227
Contents227
- Using I/Q Modulation229
  - Using the Rear Panel I and Q Output Connectors230
  - Configuring the Front Panel I and Q Input Connectors231
- I/Q Adjustments232
- I/Q Calibration233
- Using the Equalization Filter235
- Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter237
  - Creating a User-Defined FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor238
- Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor243
- Using the Custom Real-Time I/Q Baseband Generator247
  - Selecting Predefined Custom Modulation Modes247
  - Creating User-Defined Custom Modulation248
- Setting the Real-Time Modulation Filter250
- Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization252
- Using Real-Time Applications Softkeys263
- Waveform Licensing264
Using Custom Digital Modulation for N5172B/82B with Option 431 and273
- Using ARB Custom Modulation Softkeys274
  - ARB Custom Modulation Mode275
  - Real-Time Custom Modulation Mode275
- Creating and Using Bit Files283
- Using Customized Burst Shape Curves288
- Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator294
- Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters with Custom Modulation310
  - Understanding FIR Filters310
  - Creating a User-Defined FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor312
- Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor317
- Using the Custom Real-Time I/Q Baseband Generator320
  - To Select Custom Real-Time I/Q Base Band Predefined Modes320
  - Creating User-Defined Custom Modulation321
- Differential Encoding323
  - Using Differential Encoding326
Using Multitone and Two-Tone Waveforms for N5172B/82B with Option 430 and329
- Creating a Custom Multitone Waveform329
- Using Multitone Softkeys330
- Creating a Custom Two-Tone Waveform334
- Using Two-Tone Softkeys335
Adding Real-Time Noise to a Signal for N5172B/82B with Option 403 and341
- Adding Real-Time Noise (AWGN) to a Dual ARB Waveform342
  - Eb/No Adjustment Softkeys for Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN345
- Using Real-Time AWGN Softkeys348
Contents349
Using Real-Time Phase Noise Impairments for N5172B/82B with Option 432 and349
- Using Real-Time Phase Noise Impairment Softkeys350
- Phase Noise Shape and Additive Phase Noise Impairments351
- Understanding the Phase Noise Adjustments353
- DAC Over-Range Conditions and Scaling354
Using Real-Time Fading for N5172B/82B with Option 660 and355
- Using Real-Time Fading Softkeys356
  - To Configure a Real-Time Fading Simulation357
- Using vor [VHF Omnidirectional Range] Softkeys360
Using Avionics VOR/ILS Softkeys for N5171B/72B and N5181B/82B with Option360
- To Set the vor Mode that Produces a Full or Partial vor Signal363
- To Set the vor Carrier Frequency363
- To Set the vor Bearing Angle between the VAR Signal and the REF Signal365
- To Set the vor Bearing Direction as from or to366
- To Set the Frequency of the Reference Signal (REF Freq) and the Variable Phase Signal (VAR Freq)366
- To Set the Amount of FM Deviation that the 30 Hz Reference Signal (REF Freq) Applies on the Sub-Carrier367
- To Set the am Depth of the Variable Phase Signal (VAR Freq)367
- To Set the Frequency of the Sub-Carrier Signal (Subcarrier Freq)368
- To Set the Sub-Carrier am Depth that Modulates the vor Carrier368
- To Set or Return the vor Subsystem Parameters to a Default State369
- Example of Setting All vor Parameters370
- Using COM/ID Softkeys372
- Using ILS Localizer Softkeys378
- Using ILS Glide Slope Softkeys393
- Using ILS Marker Beacon Softkeys408
Using Baseband Operating Mode for N5172B/82B (Primary, BERT, or N5102A)415
- To Set the Baseband Operating Mode to BERT416
- To Set the Baseband Operating Mode to N5102A417
- To Set the Baseband Operating Mode to Primary418
16 Using BERT for N5172B/82B with Option UN7419
- Bit Error Rate Test420
- Verifying BERT Operation430
Using the N5102A Digital Signal Interface Module for N5172B/82B with Option 003/004 and437
- Clock Timing438
Contents443
- Connecting the Clock Source and the Device under Test449
- Data Types451
  - Output Mode451
  - Input Mode451
- Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode452
- Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode462
18 Troubleshooting471
- Display472
  - The Display Is too Dark to Read472
  - The Display Turns Black When Using USB Media472
- Signal Generator Lock-Up472
- RF Output473
- Sweep477
- Internal Media Data Storage478
  - Instrument State Saved but the Register Is Empty or Contains the Wrong State478
- USB Media Data Storage478
  - Instrument Recognizes USB Media Connection, but Does Not Display Files478
- Preset478
  - The Signal Generator Does Not Respond478
  - Pressing Preset Performs a User Preset478
- Error Messages479
  - Error Message Types479
- Front Panel Tests480
- Self Test Overview480
- Licenses482
  - A Time-Based License Quits Working482
  - Cannot Load a Time-Based License482
- Contacting Keysight Technologies483
  - Returning a Signal Generator to Keysight483
19 Working in a Secure Environment485
- How to Obtain the Security Features Document485
- Using Secure Display486

Brand	Keysight Technologies
Model	X Series
Category	Measuring Instruments
Language	English

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