Figure 41: A Fully Meshed Autonomous System ..........................................145
Figure 42: A Confederation of Subautonomous Systems .............................146
Figure 43: Simple Route Reflection .............................................................149
Figure 44: Route Reflection: Logical Redundancy ........................................149
Figure 45: Route Reflection: Physical and Logical Redundancy ...................150
Figure 46: BGP Route Reflection ..................................................................151
Part 2 Multiprotocol Layer Switching
Chapter 2 MPLS Overview 201
Figure 47: Simple MPLS Domain .................................................................210
Figure 48: Label Switching ..........................................................................211
Figure 49: Label Stacking ............................................................................212
Figure 50: Shim Header ...............................................................................213
Figure 51: TTL Processing on Incoming MPLS Packets ................................215
Figure 52: TTL Processing on Outgoing MPLS Packets .................................217
Figure 53: LSP Creation, Downstream-on-Demand, Ordered Control ..........219
Figure 54: LSP Creation, Downstream-Unsolicited, Independent Control ....220
Figure 55: Explicit Routing in an MPLS Domain ..........................................227
Figure 56: MPLS Interface Stacking for the Platform Label Space ................228
Figure 57: MPLS Interface Stacking for the Interface Label Space ................229
Figure 58: LDP Tunneled Through an RSVP-TE Core ...................................247
Figure 59: Flow for Initial Setting of EXP Bits for the First Label Pushed .....261
Figure 60: Flow for Setting EXP Bits for All Pushed Labels ...........................262
Figure 61: Simple MPLS Domain .................................................................264
Chapter 3 Configuring MPLS 267
Figure 62: FEC Aggregation and Equal-Cost Paths .......................................282
Figure 63: Bypass Tunnel ............................................................................289
Figure 64: Differentiated Services over an MPLS Network ...........................301
Figure 65: Associations Between PHB ID, EXP Bits, and Traffic
Classes/Colors .......................................................................................306
Figure 66: Signaled Mapping .......................................................................307
Chapter 4 Monitoring MPLS 315
Figure 67: Sample MPLS L3VPN Topology ...................................................370
Chapter 5 Configuring BGP-MPLS Applications 379
Figure 68: ECMP BGP/MPLS VPN Scenario ..................................................382
Figure 69: BGP/MPLS VPN Scenario .............................................................383
Figure 70: BGP/MPLS VPN Components ......................................................384
Figure 71: Route and Label Distribution ......................................................386
Figure 72: Standard and Extended BGP Update Messages ...........................388
Figure 73: BGP/MPLS VPN Route Exchange .................................................390
Figure 74: LSP Creation for BGP/MPLS VPN .................................................392
Figure 75: Traffic Across the MPLS Backbone of a BGP/MPLS VPN ..............393
Figure 76: IPv6 VPN Services over IPv4 MPLS .............................................396
Figure 77: Inter-AS Topology with VRFs on Each AS Boundary Router ........398
Figure 78: Inter-AS Topology with End-to-End Stacked MPLS Tunnels .........399
Figure 79: Topology for Three-label Stack Configuration for Inter-AS Option
C ...........................................................................................................402
Figure 80: Topology for Inter-AS Option C with Route Reflectors ................404
Figure 81: Inter-AS IPv6 VPN Services .........................................................405
xxvi ■ List of Figures
JUNOSe 11.1.x BGP and MPLS Configuration Guide
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