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Keithley 2651A Reference Manual
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Model 2651A High Po
wer System SourceMeter® Instrument
Reference Manual
Section 4: Theory of operation
2651A-901-01 Rev. A / March 2011
4-19
Figure 81: Comparison of unguarded and guard
ed measurements
Insulator
I
D
DUT
Metal Mounting Plate
I
L
R
L1
R
L2
Insulator
I
M
= I
D
+ I
L
I
M
= Measured current
I
D
= DUT
current
I
L
= Leakage current
IN/OUT
HI
IN/OUT
LO
A: Unguarded
I
D
DUT
Metal Mounting Plate
R
L1
Insulator
I
M
= I
D
IN/OUT
HI
IN/OUT
LO
x1
GUARD
0V
SourceMeter
SourceMeter
B: Guarded
Connect
to
earth
safety
ground
using #18
A
WG wire or larger
.
Cable Shield
Safety Shield
I-meter
A
I-meter
A
V
-source
+
-
V
-source
+
-
215
217
Table of Contents
Default Chapter
5
Table of Contents
5
Introduction
20
Welcome
20
Extended Warranty
20
Contact Information
20
CD-ROM Contents
21
Organization of Manual Sections
21
Capabilities and Features
21
General Information
22
Displaying the Instrument's Serial Number
22
General Operation
23
General Ratings
23
Front and Rear Panel Operation
23
Front Panel
23
Rear Panel
27
Cooling Vents
29
Turning Your Instrument on and off
30
Procedure
30
System Identification
31
Beeper
32
Display Mode
32
Basic Operation
33
Operation Overview
33
Menu Overview
37
Operation Considerations
44
Basic Source-Measure Procedure
46
Triggering in Local Mode
49
Configuring Trigger Attributes in Local Mode
50
Sink Operation and Interface
51
Configuring for Measure Only Tests Using the MODE Key
52
Contact Check Measurements
59
User Setup
61
DUT Test Connections
64
Input/Output Connectors
64
USB Storage Overview
85
Connecting the USB Flash Drive
85
File System Navigation
86
Error and Status Messages
87
Range
87
Available Ranges
87
Maximum Source Values and Readings
88
Measure Auto Delay
88
Ranging Limitations
88
Manual Ranging
89
Autoranging
89
Low Range Limits
89
Range Considerations
90
Range Programming
91
Digits
93
Setting Display Resolution
93
Remote Digits Programming
93
Speed
93
Setting Speed
94
Communications Interfaces
95
Selecting an Interface
95
Output Queue
95
LAN Communications
96
GPIB Operation
98
General Bus Commands
100
Front-Panel GPIB Operation
102
RS-232 Interface Operation
103
2 Wire Local Sensing
65
4 Wire Remote Sensing
66
Sense Mode Selection
66
Contact Check Connections
67
Multiple SMU Connections
68
Combining SMU Outputs
70
Guarding and Shielding
75
Test Fixture
79
Floating a SMU
80
Output-Off States
81
Functions and Features
108
Rel
108
Front Panel Rel
108
Remote Rel Programming
109
Filters
110
Filter Types
110
Front Panel Filter Control
111
Remote Filter Programming
111
Reading Buffers
113
Front-Panel Reading Buffer Control
113
Remote Reading Buffer Programming
117
Sweep Operation
126
Overview
126
Sweep Characteristics
127
Configuring and Running Sweeps
136
Sweeping Using Factory Scripts
137
Sweep Programming Examples
137
Triggering
139
Remote Triggering Overview
139
Using the Remote Trigger Model
141
SMU Event Detectors
146
Using Trigger Events to Start Actions on Trigger Objects
147
Digital I/O Port and TSP-Link Synchronization Lines
148
Timers
150
Event Blenders
156
LAN Triggering Overview
157
Command Interface Triggering
159
Manual Triggering
159
Interactive Triggering
159
Hardware Trigger Modes
163
Understanding Synchronous Triggering Modes
167
High-Capacitance Mode
172
Overview
172
Understanding High-Capacitance Mode
172
Enabling High-Capacitance Mode
175
Display Operations
177
Display Functions and Attributes
177
Display Features
178
Display Messages
179
Input Prompting
183
Indicators
185
Local Lockout
186
Load Test Menu
186
Key-Press Codes
188
Digital I/O
190
Digital I/O Port
190
Using Output Enable
195
TSP-Link Synchronization Lines
196
Theory of Operation
198
Analog to Digital Converter
198
Source-Measure Concepts
199
Overview
199
Compliance Principles
199
Overheating Protection
200
Operating Boundaries
202
Basic Circuit Configurations
211
Guard
214
Cable Considerations
217
Reduction in Gain-Bandwidth
217
Pulse Rise Times
218
Cable Specifications and Connection Configuration
219
Range and Pulse Setting
219
Load and Operating Mode
219
Pulse Width
220
Remote Commands
221
Introduction to Remote Operation
221
Controlling the Instrument by Sending Individual Command Messages
221
Queries
223
Information on Scripting and Programming
223
About Remote Commands
223
Beeper Control
223
Bit Manipulation and Logical Operations
224
Data Queue
225
Digital I/O
225
Display
226
Error Queue
226
Event Log
226
File I/O
227
Gpib
228
Instrument Identification
228
LAN and LXI
229
Miscellaneous
230
Parallel Script Execution
230
Queries and Response Messages
230
Reading Buffer
231
Reset
231
Saved Setups
231
Scripting
232
Smu
233
SMU Calibration
234
Status Model
235
Time
236
Triggering
237
TSP-Link
239
TSP-Net
239
Userstrings
240
Factory Scripts
240
Introduction
240
Running a Factory Script
241
Retrieving and Modifying a Factory Script Listing
241
Kisweep Factory Script
242
Kipulse Factory Script
243
Kihighc Factory Script
244
Kiparlib Factory Script
244
Kisavebuffer Factory Script
244
Instrument Programming
245
Fundamentals of Scripting for TSP
245
What Is a Script
246
Runtime and Nonvolatile Memory Storage of Scripts
246
What Can be Included in Scripts
246
Commands that Cannot be Used in Scripts
246
Fundamentals of Programming for TSP
246
Manage Scripts
247
Using Test Script Builder (TSB)
247
Working with TSB Embedded
247
Working with Scripts in Nonvolatile Memory
254
Programming Example
256
Fundamentals of Programming for TSP
258
Introduction
258
What Is Lua
258
Lua Basics
258
Standard Libraries
274
Programming Example
280
Using Test Script Builder (TSB)
281
Installing the TSB Software
281
Project Navigator
281
Script Editor
281
Programming Interaction
281
Working with TSB Embedded
281
Using Instrument Commands
281
Advanced Scripting for TSP
283
Global Variables and the Script.user.scripts Table
283
Create a Script Using the Script.new() Command
284
Restore a Script to the Runtime Environment
287
Rename a Script
287
Delete User Scripts from the Instrument
289
Memory Considerations for the Runtime Environment
290
TSP-Link System Expansion Interface
291
Overview
291
Connections
293
Initialization
294
Resetting the TSP-Link Network
295
Using the Expanded System
296
TSP Advanced Features
297
Using Groups to Manage Nodes on TSP-Link Network
300
Running Parallel Test Scripts
301
Using the Data Queue for Real-Time Communication
303
Copying Test Scripts Across the TSP-Link Network
303
Removing Stale Values from the Reading Buffer
304
TSP-Net
304
Overview
304
TSP-Net Capabilities
305
Using TSP-Net with any Ethernet-Enabled Device
305
TSP-Net Versus TSP-Link to Communicate with TSP-Enabled Devices
306
Instrument Commands: General Device Control
307
Instrument Commands: TSP-Enabled Device Control
307
Example: Using Tspnet Commands
308
Command Reference
309
Command Programming Notes
309
Placeholder Text
309
Syntax Rules
310
Logical Instruments
311
Time and Date Values
312
Using the Command Reference
312
Command Name and Standard Parameters Summary
313
Command Usage
314
Command Details
315
Example Section
315
Related Commands and Information
315
Commands
316
Beeper.beep()
316
Beeper.enable
316
Bit.bitand()
317
Bit.bitor()
317
Bit.bitxor()
318
Bit.clear()
319
Bit.get()
319
Bit.getfield()
320
Bit.set()
321
Bit.setfield()
322
Bit.test()
323
Bit.toggle()
323
Buffervar.appendmode
324
Buffervar.basetimestamp
325
Buffervar.cachemode
326
Buffervar.capacity
326
Buffervar.clear()
327
Buffervar.clearcache()
328
Buffervar.collectsourcevalues
329
Buffervar.collecttimestamps
329
Buffervar.fillcount
330
Buffervar.fillmode
331
Buffervar.n
332
Buffervar.timestampresolution
332
Configpulseimeasurev()
333
Configpulseimeasurevsweeplin()
335
Configpulseimeasurevsweeplog()
337
Configpulsevmeasurei()
339
Configpulsevmeasureisweeplin()
342
Configpulsevmeasureisweeplog()
344
Dataqueue.add()
346
Dataqueue.capacity
347
Dataqueue.clear()
347
Dataqueue.count
348
Dataqueue.next()
349
Delay()
350
Digio.readbit()
351
Digio.readport()
351
Digio.trigger[N].Assert()
352
Digio.trigger[N].Clear()
352
Digio.trigger[N].Mode
354
Digio.trigger[N].Overrun
355
Digio.trigger[N].Pulsewidth
356
Digio.trigger[N].Release()
356
Digio.trigger[N].Reset()
357
Digio.trigger[N].Stimulus
357
Digio.trigger[N].Wait()
359
Digio.writebit()
359
Digio.writeport()
360
Digio.writeprotect
361
Display.clear()
362
Display.getannunciators()
362
Display.getcursor()
364
Display.getlastkey()
364
Display.gettext()
366
Display.inputvalue()
367
Display.loadmenu.add()
369
Display.loadmenu.catalog()
370
Display.loadmenu.delete()
371
Display.locallockout
372
Display.menu()
372
Display.numpad
373
Display.prompt()
374
Display.screen
375
Display.sendkey()
376
Display.setcursor()
377
Display.settext()
378
Display.smux.digits
379
Display.smux.measure.func
379
Display.trigger.clear()
380
Display.trigger.event_Id
380
Display.trigger.overrun
381
Display.trigger.wait()
381
Display.waitkey()
382
Errorqueue.clear()
384
Errorqueue.count
384
Errorqueue.next()
385
Eventlog.all()
386
Eventlog.clear()
386
Eventlog.count
387
Eventlog.enable
388
Eventlog.next()
388
Eventlog.overwritemethod
389
Exit()
390
Filevar:close()
390
Filevar:flush()
391
Filevar:read()
391
Filevar:seek()
392
Filevar:write()
393
Format.asciiprecision
394
Format.byteorder
395
Format.data
395
Fs.chdir()
396
Fs.cwd()
397
Fs.is_Dir()
398
Fs.is_File()
398
Fs.mkdir()
398
Fs.readdir()
399
Fs.rmdir()
399
Gettimezone()
400
Gm_Isweep()
400
Gm_Vsweep()
401
Gpib.address
402
Initiatepulsetest()
405
I_Leakage_Measure()
405
I_Leakage_Threshold()
405
Io.close()
407
Io.flush()
407
Io.input()
408
Io.open()
408
Io.output()
409
Io.read()
409
Io.type()
410
Io.write()
411
Lan.applysettings()
411
Lan.autoconnect
412
Lan.config.dns.address[N]
412
Lan.config.dns.domain
413
Lan.config.dns.dynamic
414
Lan.config.dns.hostname
415
Lan.config.dns.verify
415
Lan.config.duplex
416
Lan.config.gateway
416
Lan.config.ipaddress
417
Lan.config.method
418
Lan.config.speed
418
Lan.config.subnetmask
419
Lan.linktimeout
420
Lan.lxidomain
421
Lan.nagle
421
Lan.reset()
422
Lan.restoredefaults()
422
Lan.status.dns.address[N]
423
Lan.status.dns.name
424
Lan.status.duplex
425
Lan.status.gateway
425
Lan.status.ipaddress
426
Lan.status.macaddress
426
Lan.status.port.dst
427
Lan.status.port.rawsocket
427
Lan.status.port.telnet
428
Lan.status.port.vxi11
428
Lan.status.speed
429
Lan.status.subnetmask
429
Lan.timedwait
430
Lan.trigger[N].Assert()
430
Lan.trigger[N].Clear()
431
Lan.trigger[N].Connect()
432
Lan.trigger[N].Connected
432
Lan.trigger[N].Disconnect()
433
Lan.trigger[N].Event_Id
434
Lan.trigger[N].Ipaddress
434
Lan.trigger[N].Overrun
436
Lan.trigger[N].Protocol
437
Lan.trigger[N].Pseudostate
437
Localnode.autolinefreq
440
Localnode.description
441
Localnode.linefreq
441
Localnode.model
442
Localnode.password
442
Localnode.passwordmode
443
Localnode.prompts
444
Localnode.prompts4882
445
Localnode.reset()
445
Localnode.revision
446
Localnode.serialno
446
Localnode.showerrors
447
Makegetter()
448
Makesetter()
448
Meminfo()
449
Node[N].Execute()
450
Node[N].Getglobal()
450
Node[N].Setglobal()
451
Opc()
452
Print()
452
Printbuffer()
453
Printnumber()
454
Pulseimeasurev()
455
Pulsevmeasurei()
456
Querypulseconfig()
457
Reset()
460
Savebuffer()
460
Script.anonymous
461
Script.delete()
462
Script.load()
462
Script.new()
463
Script.newautorun()
465
Script.restore()
465
Script.run()
466
Script.user.catalog()
466
Scriptvar.autorun
467
Scriptvar.list()
468
Scriptvar.name
468
Scriptvar.run()
469
Scriptvar.save()
470
Scriptvar.source
470
Serial.baud
471
Serial.databits
472
Serial.flowcontrol
472
Serial.parity
473
Serial.read()
474
Serial.write()
475
Settime()
475
Settimezone()
476
Setup.poweron
477
Setup.recall()
478
Setup.save()
479
Smux.abort()
479
Smux.buffer.getstats()
480
Smux.buffer.recalculatestats()
481
Smux.cal.adjustdate
482
Smux.cal.date
483
Smux.cal.due
483
Smux.cal.fastadc()
484
Smux.cal.lock()
485
Smux.cal.password
485
Smux.cal.polarity
486
Smux.cal.restore()
487
Smux.cal.save()
488
Smux.cal.state
488
Smux.cal.unlock()
489
Smux.contact.calibratehi()
490
Smux.contact.calibratelo()
491
Smux.contact.check()
494
Smux.contact.r()
495
Smux.contact.threshold
497
Smux.makebuffer()
497
Smux.measure.adc
498
Smux.measure.autorangey
499
Smux.measure.autozero
500
Smux.measure.calibratey()
501
Smux.measure.count
502
Smux.measure.delay
503
Smux.measure.filter.enable
505
Smux.measure.filter.type
506
Smux.measure.highcrangedelayfactor
507
Smux.measure.interval
507
Smux.measure.lowrangey
508
Smux.measure.nplc
509
Smux.measure.overlappedy()
509
Smux.measure.rangey
510
Smux.measure.rel.enabley
512
Smux.measure.rel.levely
513
Smux.measure.y()
513
Smux.measureyandstep()
515
Smux.nvbuffery
516
Smux.reset()
517
Smux.savebuffer()
517
Smux.sense
518
Smux.source.compliance
521
Smux.source.delay
521
Smux.source.func
522
Smux.source.highc
523
Smux.source.levely
524
Smux.source.limity
525
Smux.source.lowrangey
526
Smux.source.offfunc
526
Smux.source.offlimity
527
Smux.source.offmode
528
Smux.source.outputenableaction
530
Smux.source.rangey
531
Smux.source.settling
532
Smux.source.sink
533
Smux.trigger.arm.count
534
Smux.trigger.arm.set()
534
Smux.trigger.autoclear
537
Smux.trigger.endpulse.set()
539
Smux.trigger.endpulse.stimulus
539
Smux.trigger.initiate()
542
Smux.trigger.measure.action
543
Smux.trigger.measure.set()
544
Smux.trigger.measure.stimulus
545
Smux.trigger.measure.y()
546
Smux.trigger.measure_Complete_Event_Id
547
Smux.trigger.pulse_Complete_Event_Id
548
Smux.trigger.source.action
549
Smux.trigger.source.limity
550
Smux.trigger.source.lineary()
551
Smux.trigger.source.listy()
552
Smux.trigger.source.logy()
553
Smux.trigger.source.set()
554
Smux.trigger.source.stimulus
555
Smux.trigger.source_Complete_Event_Id
556
Smux.trigger.sweeping_Event_Id
557
Smux.trigger.sweep_Complete_Event_Id
557
Status.condition
558
Status.measurement
560
Status.measurement.buffer_Available
562
Status.measurement.current_Limit
563
Status.measurement.instrument
564
Status.measurement.instrument.smux
565
Status.measurement.reading_Overflow
568
Status.measurement.voltage_Limit
569
Status.node_Enable
570
Status.node_Event
572
Status.operation
574
Status.operation.calibrating
576
Status.operation.instrument
577
Status.operation.instrument.digio
579
Status.operation.instrument.digio.trigger_Overrun
580
Status.operation.instrument.lan
583
Status.operation.instrument.lan.trigger_Overrun
584
Status.operation.instrument.smux
587
Status.operation.instrument.smux.trigger_Overrrun
588
Status.operation.instrument.trigger_Blender
591
Status.operation.instrument.trigger_Blender.trigger_Overrun
592
Status.operation.instrument.trigger_Timer
594
Status.operation.instrument.trigger_Timer.trigger_Overrun
595
Status.operation.instrument.tsplink
597
Status.operation.instrument.tsplink.trigger_Overrun
598
Status.operation.measuring
600
Status.operation.remote
601
Status.operation.sweeping
603
Status.operation.trigger_Overrun
604
Status.operation.user
606
Status.questionable
608
Status.questionable.calibration
609
Status.questionable.instrument
611
Status.questionable.instrument.smux
612
Status.questionable.over_Temperature
614
Status.questionable.unstable_Output
615
Status.request_Enable
616
Status.request_Event
618
Status.reset()
620
Status.standard
620
Status.system
622
Status.system2
624
Status.system3
626
Status.system4
628
Status.system5
630
Sweepilinmeasurev()
632
Sweepilistmeasurev()
633
Sweepilogmeasurev()
634
Sweepvlistmeasurei()
637
Sweepvlogmeasurei()
638
Timer.measure.t()
640
Timer.reset()
641
Trigger.blender[N].Clear()
641
Trigger.blender[N].Event_Id
642
Trigger.blender[N].Orenable
642
Trigger.blender[N].Overrun
643
Trigger.blender[N].Reset()
643
Trigger.blender[N].Stimulus[M]
644
Trigger.blender[N].Wait()
645
Trigger.clear()
646
Trigger.event_Id
647
Trigger.timer[N].Clear()
647
Trigger.timer[N].Count
647
Trigger.timer[N].Delay
648
Trigger.timer[N].Delaylist
649
Trigger.timer[N].Event_Id
649
Trigger.timer[N].Overrun
650
Trigger.timer[N].Passthrough
651
Trigger.timer[N].Reset()
651
Trigger.timer[N].Stimulus
652
Trigger.timer[N].Wait()
653
Trigger.wait()
654
Tsplink.group
655
Tsplink.master
655
Tsplink.node
655
Tsplink.readbit()
656
Tsplink.readport()
657
Tsplink.reset()
657
Tsplink.state
658
Tsplink.trigger[N].Assert()
658
Tsplink.trigger[N].Clear()
659
Tsplink.trigger[N].Event_Id
660
Tsplink.trigger[N].Mode
660
Tsplink.trigger[N].Overrun
662
Tsplink.trigger[N].Pulsewidth
663
Tsplink.trigger[N].Release()
663
Tsplink.trigger[N].Reset()
664
Tsplink.trigger[N].Stimulus
665
Tsplink.trigger[N].Wait()
666
Tsplink.writebit()
667
Tsplink.writeport()
667
Tsplink.writeprotect
668
Tspnet.clear()
669
Tspnet.connect()
669
Tspnet.disconnect()
671
Tspnet.execute()
671
Tspnet.idn()
672
Tspnet.read()
673
Tspnet.readavailable()
674
Tspnet.reset()
674
Tspnet.termination()
675
Tspnet.timeout
676
Tspnet.tsp.abort()
676
Tspnet.tsp.abortonconnect
677
Tspnet.tsp.rbtablecopy()
677
Tspnet.tsp.runscript()
678
Tspnet.write()
679
Userstring.add()
680
Userstring.catalog()
680
Userstring.delete()
681
Userstring.get()
682
Waitcomplete()
682
Troubleshooting Guide
684
Introduction
684
Error Summary
684
Error Effects on Scripts
684
Reading Errors
685
Error Summary List
685
LAN Troubleshooting Suggestions
689
Frequently Asked Questions (Faqs)
690
How Do I Optimize Performance
690
Setting Speed
690
Disabling Autozero to Increase Speed
690
How Do I Upgrade the Firmware
691
How Do I Use the Digital I/O Port
691
How Do I Trigger Other Instruments
691
Triggering a Scanner
691
Programming Triggering
692
More Information on Triggering
692
How Do I Generate a Service Request
692
Setting up a Service Request
692
Service Request Programming Example
693
Polling for Srqs
693
How Do I Store Measurements in Nonvolatile Memory
693
When Should I Change the Output off State
694
How Do I Make Contact Check Measurements
694
Next Steps
695
Additional Model 2651A Information
695
Maintenance
696
Line Fuse Replacement
696
Front Panel Tests
697
Keys Test
698
Display Patterns Test
699
Upgrading the Firmware
699
Firmware Upgrade Using the Instrument Web Interface
700
Calibration
701
Verification
701
Verification Test Requirements
701
Restoring Factory Defaults
704
Performing the Verification Test Procedures
704
Current Source Accuracy
706
Current Measurement Accuracy
708
Voltage Source Accuracy
713
Voltage Measurement Accuracy
714
Adjustment
716
Introduction
716
Environmental Conditions
716
Calibration Considerations
717
Calibration Overview
719
Calibration Commands Quick Reference
721
Calibration Adjustment Procedure
722
LAN Concepts and Settings
734
Establishing a Point-To-Point Connection
734
Step 1: Identify and Record the Existing IP Configuration
735
Step 2: Disable DHCP to Use the Computer's Existing IP Address
737
Step 3: Configure the Instrument's LAN Settings
738
Step 4: Install the Crossover Cable
740
Step 5: Access the Instrument's Internal Web Page
740
Connecting to the LAN
741
Setting the LAN Configuration Method
741
Setting the IP Address
741
Setting the Gateway
742
Setting the Subnet Mask
742
Configuring the Domain Name System (DNS
743
LAN Speeds
744
Duplex Mode
744
Viewing LAN Status Messages
745
Viewing the Network Settings
746
Confirming the Active Speed and Duplex Negotiation
746
Confirming Port Numbers
747
Selecting a Remote Command Interface
747
VXI - 11 Connection
747
Raw Socket Connection
747
Dead Socket Connection
748
Telnet Connection
748
Logging LAN Trigger Events in the Event Log
752
Accessing the Event Log from the Command Interface
753
Common Commands
755
Command Summary
755
Script Command Equivalents
756
Command Reference
756
Identification Query: *IDN
757
Operation Complete and Query: *OPC and *OPC
757
Self-Test Query: *TST
757
Trigger: *TRG
757
Wait-To-Continue: *WAI
758
Status Model
759
Status Byte Register
772
Reading Registers
772
SPE, SPD (Serial Polling
775
Status Byte and Service Request Commands
775
Enable and Transition Registers
776
Controlling Node and SRQ Enable Registers
776
Status Register Sets
776
System Summary Registers
777
Standard Event Register
777
Operation Status Registers
778
Measurement Event Registers
781
Register Programming Example
782
Queues
783
Output Queue
783
Error Queue
783
TSP-Link System Status
784
Status Model Configuration Example
784
Display Character Codes
787
Display Character Dot Patterns
791
Index
795
Other manuals for Keithley 2651A
User Manual
76 pages
Quick Start Guide
18 pages
5
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Keithley 2651A Specifications
General
Brand
Keithley
Model
2651A
Category
Measuring Instruments
Language
English
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