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controllers in the same way, creating bends, volume swells, and other effects that
make sounds more realistic and more fun to listen to.
Your computer can work the controllers on your electronic instrument by sending
MIDI Controller messages. The MIDI specification allows for 128 different types of
controllers, many of which are used for standard purposes. For example, controller
7 is normally used for volume events, and controller 10 is normally used for pan.
Every controller can take on a value ranging from 0 to 127.
The Piano Roll toolbar contains several dropdown lists that let you choose the
controller you want to see and edit. The contents of these lists depend on the
output and channel settings and on the instrument assigned to that output and
channel. Different instruments use controllers in different ways. See Chapter 16,
Using Instrument Definitions.
RPNs and NRPNs
RPNs (Registered Parameter Numbers) and NRPNs (Non-Registered Parameter
Numbers) are similar to controllers, except that both the parameter number and
data value can be any number between 0 and 16,383.
When RPNs and NRPNs are transmitted via MIDI or stored in a standard MIDI
file, they are converted into four separate controller messages. SONAR detects
incoming xRPN messages from MIDI inputs or files and reassembles them into a
single RPN or NRPN event. This provides the convenience of single RPN or NRPN
events in SONAR plus compatibility with existing files, equipment, and software.
The following table shows the controller numbers SONAR uses for RPN and
NRPN events:
Message... Parameter
number
MSB Controller...
Parameter number
LSB Controller...
Data value
MSB Controller...
Data value
LSB
Controller...
RPN 101 100 6 38
NRPN 99 98 6 38
Note:
SONAR has automatic searchback for all continuous controller data
to ensure that the correct controller values are in effect regardless of
where you start playback. Suppose you start playback halfway
through a project. SONAR searches back from that point to find any
earlier controller values that should still apply.
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