Date Code 20171006 Instruction Manual SEL-400 Series Relays
Instruction Manual
SECTION 9
Reporting
The relay features comprehensive power system data analysis capabilities. The
relay provides these useful analysis tools:
➤ Data Processing on page 9.1
➤ Triggering Data Captures and Event Reports on page 9.6
➤ Duration of Data Captures and Event Reports on page 9.7
➤ Oscillography on page 9.9
➤ Event Reports, Event Summaries, and Event Histories on page 9.13
➤ Sequential Events Recorder (SER) on page 9.28
➤ Signal Profiling on page 9.31
An event is a representation of the operating conditions of the power system at a
specific time. Events include instances such as a relay trip, an abnormal situation
in the power system that triggers a relay element, or an event capture command.
Information from oscillograms, relay event reports, SER, and signal profiling
data are very valuable if you are responsible for outage analysis, outage manage-
ment, or relay settings coordination.
The relay accepts high-accuracy timing, such as IRIG-B. When a suitable exter-
nal clock is used (such as the SEL-2407), the relay synchronizes the data acquisi-
tion system to the received signal. Knowledge of the precise time of sampling
allows comparisons of data across the power system. Use a coordinated network
of time-synchronized relays to create moment-in-time “snapshots” of the power
system. These data are useful for determining power system dynamic voltage and
current phasors, impedances, load flow, and system states.
Data Processing
SEL-400 series relays are numeric, or microprocessor-based, relays that sample
power system conditions. The relay converts analog inputs received via CT and
PT inputs or remote data acquisition to digital information for processing to
determine relaying quantities for protection and automation. Figure 9.1 shows a
general overview of the input processing diagram for the relay. Figure 9.2 shows
a general overview of the input processing for a relay with Sampled Values (SV)
remote data acquisition.
The relay outputs two types of analytical data: high-resolution raw data and fil-
tered data. Figure 9.1 shows the path a power system VT and CT signals take
through relay input processing. A CT or PT analog input begins at hardware
acquisition and sampling, continues through software filtering, and progresses to
protection and automation processing. The initial hardware low-pass filter half-
power or –3 dB point is 3.0 kHz. Next, the relay samples the power system volt-
age or current with an 8000 samples/second A/D (analog to digital) converter.
This is the tap point for high-resolution raw data captures. You can select 8000
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