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Intel ARCHITECTURE IA-32 User Manual

Intel ARCHITECTURE IA-32
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General Optimization Guidelines 2
2-107
Assembly/Compiler Coding Rule 56. (M impact, ML generality) For
arithmetic or logical operations that have their source operand in memory
and the destination operand is in a register, attempt a strategy that
initially loads the memory operand to a register followed by a register to
register ALU operation. Next, attempt to remove redundant loads by
identifying loads from the same memory location. Finally, combine the
remaining loads with their corresponding ALU operations. 2-81
Assembly/Compiler Coding Rule 57. (ML impact, M generality) Give
preference to adding a register to memory (memory is the destination)
instead of adding memory to a register. Also, give preference to adding a
register to memory over loading the memory, adding two registers and
storing the result. 2-82
Assembly/Compiler Coding Rule 58. (M impact, M generality) When
an address of a store is unknown, subsequent loads cannot be scheduled to
execute out of order ahead of the store, limiting the out of order execution
of the processor. When an address of a store is computed by a potentially
long latency operation (such as a load that might miss the data cache)
attempt to reorder subsequent loads ahead of the store. 2-82
Assembly/Compiler Coding Rule 59. (M impact, MH generality)
Calculate store addresses as early as possible to avoid having stores block
loads. 2-82
Assembly/Compiler Coding Rule 60. (H impact, MH generality) For
small loops, placing loop invariants in memory is better than spilling
loop-carried dependencies. 2-83
Assembly/Compiler Coding Rule 61. (M impact, M generality) Avoid
putting explicit references to ESP in a sequence of stack operations (
POP,
PUSH, CALL, RET). 2-84

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Intel ARCHITECTURE IA-32 Specifications

General IconGeneral
Instruction Setx86
Instruction Set TypeCISC
Memory SegmentationSupported
Operating ModesReal mode, Protected mode, Virtual 8086 mode
Max Physical Address Size36 bits (with PAE)
Max Virtual Address Size32 bits
ArchitectureIA-32 (Intel Architecture 32-bit)
Addressable Memory4 GB (with Physical Address Extension up to 64 GB)
Floating Point Registers8 x 80-bit
MMX Registers8 x 64-bit
SSE Registers8 x 128-bit
RegistersGeneral-purpose registers (EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI, ESP, EBP), Segment registers (CS, DS, SS, ES, FS, GS), Instruction pointer (EIP), Flags register (EFLAGS)
Floating Point UnitYes (x87)

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