vii
Setting DIFL accounting for CT ratio/rating and fault currents ............................................. 55
2.5.1 Nature of CT ratios matching ............................................................................................. 55
2.5.2 Nature of CT ratings matching ........................................................................................... 56
2.5.3 Nature for fault current setting .......................................................................................... 56
DIFL operations for 1.5CB arrangement .................................................................................. 59
2.6.1 Through-fault-current encountered by DIF (TFC in DIFL and DIFGL) .......................... 59
2.6.2 Settings in TFC ................................................................................................................... 67
2.6.3 Data IDs in TFC .................................................................................................................. 67
2.6.4 Stub protected by DIFL (Stub-DIFL) ................................................................................. 68
2.6.5 Settings in Stub ................................................................................................................... 70
2.6.6 Data ID in Stub ................................................................................................................... 71
2.6.7 DIFL applied to double circuit line with a fault (Fault current outflowing) .................... 72
DIFL applied to three-terminal line (RDIF and Fault current flowing) .................................. 73
2.7.1 Remote different trip ........................................................................................................... 73
2.7.2 Setting .................................................................................................................................. 80
2.7.3 Data ID ................................................................................................................................ 80
2.7.4 Nature of outflowing current in case of internal fault ....................................................... 82
2.7.5 Nature of CT saturation in case of external fault .............................................................. 83
DIFL applied to protect the blind zone ...................................................................................... 84
Stub protection with overcurrent relay (STUB-OC) ................................................................. 86
2.9.1 Stub-OC characteristic ........................................................................................................ 87
2.9.2 Scheme logic ........................................................................................................................ 87
2.9.3 Setting .................................................................................................................................. 89
2.9.4 Data ID ................................................................................................................................ 90
Distance protection (ZS/ZG) ....................................................................................................... 91
2.10.1 Principle of distance measurement .................................................................................... 92
2.10.2 Equations in distance protection function .......................................................................... 96
2.10.3 Element characteristic in distance relay .......................................................................... 103
2.10.4 Common application for ZS and ZG ................................................................................... 117
2.10.5 Command protection feature ............................................................................................ 124
2.10.6 Extended application ......................................................................................................... 129
2.10.7 Scheme logic ...................................................................................................................... 132
2.10.8 Tips to set the main/remote backup relays ...................................................................... 148
2.10.9 Tips to set the distance zones for multi-terminal lines .................................................... 152
2.10.10 ZS/ZG test ....................................................................................................................... 154
2.10.11 Setting ............................................................................................................................ 155
2.10.12 Data ID ........................................................................................................................... 171
Direct transfer trip (DTT) ........................................................................................................ 180
2.11.1 Setting for the operation ................................................................................................... 181